Criminals and Society: The Battle Between Reintegration and Recidivism

ABSTRACT: This research paper is focused on released convicts and the struggles they face to become active, progressive members of society. Sadly, these released offenders regularly face discrimination in their job searches, in attempts to secure housing for themselves and their families, and to be accepted by their communities. Without the right support structures in place upon their release, these former prisoners may very well fall back into lives of crime. Without a suitable place to stay, these released offenders may become recidivists, falling back into their familiar roles as law breakers, if only to provide the basic necessities for themselves and their families. Statistically, more than one third of released offenders end up back in jail within a year of their initial release. Through this study, I hoped to shed light on some of the main causes of criminal recidivism using Labeling Theory and Social Learning Theory. INTRODUCTION: More than 600,000 prisoners are released into the main population of the United States every year. Of that 600,000, 30 percent end up back behind bars within six months of their release, and 70 percent end up returning to jail within three years (Reisig, 409). Upon release, many criminals find that life on the outside is harder on them than it was when they were convicted, sentenced, and locked away. People who know them may become just as prejudiced as the interviewers and landlords who deny them the chance to earn a living or a place to stay. Through the continued use of labels like criminal, thug, crook, and felon, many released offenders feel ostracized and isolated. Their friends and families may turn their backs on them, taking away the few things they have left... ... database. MacKenzie, Doris Layton. (2006, May) Aftercare Following A Correctional Bootcamp May Reduce Recidivism. Criminology & Public Policy, 5(2), 359. Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals Database. Visher, Christy A. (2006, May) Effective Reentry Programs. Criminology & Public Policy, 5(2), 299. Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals Database. Listwan, Shelley J., Cullen, Francis T., Latessa, Edward J. (2006, December) How to Prevent Prisoner Re-entry Programs From Failing: Insights From Evidence-Based Corrections. Federal Probation, 70(3), 19. Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals. Leighninger, L., & Popple, Phillip R. (1996). Social Work, Social Welfare, and American Society (3rd. ed.). Allyn and Bacon: Needham Heights, MA. Calhoun, C., Light, D., & Keller, S. (1989). Sociology (5th. ed.). Alfred A. Knopf: New York.

How significant is the concept of the American Dream in the novel Of Mice and Men? Essay

The question above is asking us how the author, John Steinbeck, incorporates the American Dream in his novel, Of Mice and Men. To obtain the knowledge you must look at what the text is telling you in different aspects. The meaning of American Dream in this novel is to some day gain independence, to do this you must work hard. For quite a few the dream is someday achieve this goal, however this goal may change from an illusion to an ambition. In the following pages I will try to interpret the true meaning of The American Dream, to do this I will have to study the author himself, the way he has portrayed his characters, the language he has used and the structure of the novel itself. First we have to define the terms used to understand the story and the characters. The word Dream carries many meanings, which many people get confused about. A Dream can be an illusion, but if you believe it when it is not true you will become deluded. A Dream can also be an aim or a goal in life. By doing things towards your aim you will become closer to it. This will then become an ambition. The Classic American Dream is to achieve freedom and independence through hard work; once this is accomplished your own land must be acquired to complete The Dream, â€Å"an live off the fatta the lan†. To almost everyone the dream is to be accomplished by itself; however George and Lennie have other plans they want to do it together. This is because loneliness is what makes a man become crazy, so a companion is needed even if he/she is black or white, dumb or clever just to make sure that you don’t become crazy, â€Å"With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us†. This quote assures you that they are seeking The Dream together and care about each other The characters who want The Classical American try all their luck to achieve it, they include George, Lennie, Candy and Crooks. They want it before George and Lennie even have any contact with them, however it is split up into four beliefs: illusion, hope, ambition and delusion. George does not believe in The Dream at first, he only talks about it as it comforts Lennie to great extents; the dream is an illusion to him. However The Dream rapidly changes into an ambition when he arrives on the ranch. The only way he was near The Dream was because Candy overheard him talking to George about it, he asks if he can have a part in it, he also offers three hundred dollars towards the land that George was talking to Lennie about. The cycle for George starts of with illusion, hope, and ambition then back to illusion at the end. For Lennie The Dream was never an illusion and never will be, with the childlike mind he has. The Dream is an ambition to him throughout the story until he hallucinates about his Aunt Clara and a big, giant rabbit. This shows that he is deluding. For Candy it is very upsetting and hard to cope with because of his old age and the death of his companion. The sudden cancellation affects him dreadfully and he is very upset about this. His cycle covers everything: illusion, hope, ambition and illusion with the sudden cancellation. Crooks has it hard to, he starts to believe in The Dream when Lennie tells him about it, he then confirms this with George he also asks for a place in the deal, but Curley’s wife walks in and he quits the deal. Crooks is still looking for equality, since he is black he knows that he cannot take part in the dream. Another character called slim is also introduced into the story. Slim is portrayed as the ‘perfect man’, his build, looks, hair style, jaw definition etc are all perfect, â€Å"†¦he moved with a majesty only achieved by royalty and master craftsmen† this clarifies that slim is the perfect man. The Dream to slim is foolish so he does not believe in it. Another worker on the ranch is Carlson he is portrayed as ‘average Joe’. Carlson and Slim are both symbols and teach you a lot, Carlson is what people were like during The Great Depression, and Slim is what people should be like during The Great Depression. Carlson is the one who kills Candy’s dog once this is acknowledged we are forewarned about George and Lennie, this is a parallel. The New American Dream is money, fame and power through as little as possible. To accomplish this you must go into Hollywood, become an actor. Hollywood was formed during the 1930’s – 1950’s, it was very successful. The only character that believes in The New American Dream is Curley’s wife. She is described as a tart and a lot of trouble, â€Å"Jesus, what a tramp†. She wears a lot of red, red is the colour of Satan i.e. she means trouble. Steinbeck immediately tells us that she will be the reason George and Lennie won’t accomplish The Dream, â€Å"Rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off† the rays of the sunlight in the story mean hope, light are referred to hope i.e. ‘the light at the end of the tunnel’. Her cycle starts of as ambition, when a young actor said he was in the movie business. She then married Curley and was on a ranch most of the time. He Dream then turned into an illusion as she knew that she would not achieve it. She, sadly, dies which brings her Dream to a crashing downfall. This means that The New American Dream should not be believed in. John Steinbeck has used his own thoughts and translated them into text and characters. He has hidden a message inside the book. The only character in the novel that believes about The Dream the whole way through is Lennie. This is because of his childlike mind and through his character he shows how everyone who wants The Dream behaves. He is the voice of all the people that want The Dream, he is their spirit. However this is a message to say that this Dream is childlike as only a child would believe it, Lennie. The Dream provides hope for all those people who want The Dream so badly. The Dream dies at the end with Lennie as no one believes The Dream at the end. The Classical American Dream has been taken over by The New American Dream. The aim is not for a few acres of land and a bunch of rabbits, it is now about wealth, fame, power and reputation. If I were to read the book just like that I would thing it is a boring story now that I have looked deeper into what John Steinbeck is trying to tell us I seem to enjoy the book more. The structure of the book revolves around in a cycle, this supports Steinbecks views that The Dream cannot be achieved. There are many parallels in the book. The character Lennie is compared many times to an animal in the book, he is also shot like Candy’s dog in the same place. From the beginning to the end of the book there is no progress; including Crooks as his cycle is illusion, then hope but back down to illusion again. The language that is used during the novel creates a perfect atmosphere to make the points about The Dream very clear. In the beginning he starts the book with a Garden of Eden atmosphere. By using his words like so he has turned California into a heaven like place, California being the Promise Land then. He starts with a nice atmosphere but soon brings you back down to earth when he describes the other places in the novel. â€Å"On the sandy bank†¦a lizard makes a great skittering among them†. The Garden of Eden like atmosphere and the bunk house at the ranch have a very, very high contrast. The Garden of Eden is full of hope, but the bunk house is like a prison. The dream seems virtually impossible in the bunk house. So George has illusions through his time at the bunk house. Another cyclic theme in the novel is when a water snake dies, but another just comes again.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦to the legs of a motionless heron that stood in the shallows†¦and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically†¦Another little water snake swam up the pool, turning its periscope head from side to side†. The American dream is significant as it provides an aim for everyone in life whether it is The New American Dream or The Classical American Dream. The Dream is not about obtaining it or not, it is about the journey towards it. The search for a better life and the companionship in the times of need. The way we deal with the obstacles in front of us and the way we conquer them is what counts. John Steinbeck showed us this through his pen & paper and his great intelligence.

Having Children While Young

HAVING CHILDREN WHILE YOUNG (pros and cons) One of the largest problems nowadays is having children while young. That problem includes teenage parents from fifteen to eighteen years old, who aren't ready to bring up their children yet. However, having a children while young has both, advantages and disadvantages. Being a young parent does not have many advantages, but some of them are really good. For example, young parents are more mature than their peers because they've seen how hard life really is. After few years, they will have more understanding for their teenage kid, and kid will have more understanding for his young parents. Beside that it might be better to have kids when you're young and you have the energy, health, time and flexibility for children, than when you are older. However, having a kid is not an easy thing. Young parents have many responsibilities, so they have to learn how to be responsible. They must have support and understanding of the society and their parents, both financial and emotional, otherwise they will not make it. Young parents have to abort their further education for their child good, what is definitely not good because it will be harder for them to get a job in the future. To conclude, having a child is a beautiful thing that helps you build up your character, but it is also very hard and complicated. Especially for young people. So you should be very careful with your life and always think twice before you do something stupid.

Bull Rider Summary

Layne and his mom have an argument about Layne joining the bull riding competition, because her mom didn’t want him to join in bull riding because of her husband who died in a bull riding competition and she don’t want that to happened to Layne, while Layne really wants to join bull riding because his dad has a dream of being a champion on bull riding competition and Layne wants to fulfill that dream for him. Questions: (Circle the best answer) 1) Why does Layne`s mom don`t want him to join the rodeo? a. Layne’s mom was afraid to lose him like his dad who died in a rodeo. b. Layne didn’t eat his vegetables. 2) What is their argument about? a. Layne’s wants a new ipad. b. Layne’s joining the bull riding competition 3) Why Layne wants to be a bull rider? a. For the girls who scream for his name when his bull riding. b. To fulfill his dad dreams. Chapter 2 Vocabulary Words: Trading The action of engaging in trade. Doubtful Feeling uncertain about something. Rodeo An exhibition or contest in which cowboys show their skill at riding broncos, roping calves, wrestling steers, etc. Corral A pen for livestock, esp. cattle or horses, on a farm or ranch. Arena A level area surrounded by seats for spectators, in which sports, entertainments, and other public events are held. Contractor A person or company that undertakes a contract to provide materials or labor to perform a service or do a job. Chute A sloping channel or slide for conveying things to a lower level Chute Fighter A rough stock animal that will not stand still and tries to fight the cowboy before he leaves the chute. Hornets A large stinging wasp that typically nests in hollow trees Summary: Terror and Layne goes to Kelvins arena where they meet Jana. Jana is Jack Kelvin’s daughter. Layne goes every time to Jana when her parents are not in the ranch to have some bull riding practice. When Layne was about to practice bull riding he met Rhino the brahma bull who has only one horn, Jana don’t want to give Rhino to Layne to ride on but Layne really wants to ride Rhino because he wants to challenge his skills to get better and Rhino was the perfect bull for it so Jana let him ride Rhino. While Layne was riding on Rhino he saw a man with red shirt. Question: (True or False) 1) Jana is Jack Kelvin’s daughter. TF 2) Jana wants Layne to ride Rhino. TF 3) Layne saw a man with black shirt while he was riding Rhino. TF Chapter 3 Vocabulary Words: Glimpse A momentary or partial view. Mauled Wound by scratching or tearing. Jackknife A knife with a folding blade. Blame Assign responsibility for a fault or wrong Stunned Knock unconscious or into a dazed or semiconscious state. Scrambling Move hurriedly or clumsily from or into a particular place or position. Uncurled Straighten or cause to straighten from a curled position. Gallop A very fast pace of running or moving. Scuff Scrape or brush the surface of against something. Muttered Say something in a low or barely audible voice, esp. in dissatisfaction or irritation. Summary: Layne fell off from Rhino, Layne was scrambling on his feet then Rhino get back at him and hit him then Layne has trying to get out of there as fast as he can but it was too late Rhino`s head slammed him back down to the ground. Then Terror and Jana help him out, Terror distract Rhino from getting back to Layne and Jana lock Rhino to his cage. Then the guy with the red shirt came to them it was Chase Kincaid Jana`s Grandfather. Chase and Layne have a conversation about Layne`s dad Jeff McQueen. Then Chase saw Layne`s wound and he wrap his wound using a handkerchief and Layne`s strip shirt. Question: (Fill in the blanks) 1) Layne’s father is ____________. 2) ________ And ________ are two things Chase used to cover Layne’s wound. 3) _______ distract Rhino from getting back to Layne. Chapter 4 Vocabulary Words: Blab Reveal secrets by indiscreet talk. Stumbling rip or momentarily lose ones balance. Steam Be or become extremely agitated or angry. Crumpled Become bent, crooked, or creased. Suspicious Having or showing a cautious distrust of someone or something. Stern Serious and unrelenting, esp. n the assertion of authority and exercise of discipline. Crease A line or ridge produced on paper or cloth by folding, pressing, or crushing it. Disgusted Cause to feel revulsion or profound disapproval. Ruined Cause great and usually irreparable damage or harm to have a disastrous effect on. Relief The alleviation of pain, discomfort, or distress Crumpled Becom e bent, crooked, or creased. Summary: Layne and Terror went back home and the next morning Layne’s mom goes to his room to pick up his dirty clothes he was very worried about what will be the reaction of his mom if she knows about what he did. His mom saw his shirt that has blood and she thought Layne got the blood on his shirt on his rugby practice then Layne was relief of his worries that his mom going to know about what he did. Question: (Fill in the blanks) 1) _____ is the sport Layne in the school. 2) To pick up Layne’s dirty ______ is the reason why his mom goes to his room. 3) Layne is worried about his _____ if she knows about what he did. Chapter 5 Vocabulary Words: Strolling Walk in a leisurely way. Wring Obtain (something) with difficulty or effort. Ambush A surprise attack by people lying in wait in a concealed position. Streaks A continuous period of specified success or luck. Static Lacking in movement, action, or change, esp. in a way viewed as undesirable or uninteresting. Limp Walk with difficulty, typically because of a damaged or stiff leg or foot. Sheepishly like or suggestive of a sheep in docility or stupidity or meekness or timidity. Scornful Feeling or expressing contempt or derision. Aces A person who excels at a particular sport or other activity. Gruffly If you describe someone as gruff, you mean that they seem rather unfriendly or bad-tempered. Summary: Layne talks about what he do in school and he was so nervous to go home, afraid of maybe his mom knows that he ride a bull and got hurt. Then he went home his mom was there but she has still no Idea about what he did so everything was all right. Then terror told him that Chase wants him to in the arena, so Layne and Terror go there and at first Layne thought that Chase will get his bull rope and then chase ordered Terror and Jana to get a couple of young bulls so they did. Then Chase told Layne that he were going to teach Layne to ride bulls as long as he can keep it a secret and Layne was so happy about it because his dad once told him that Chase was the best bull rider he ever known. Layne ask Chase Why will he teach him and Chase told him that he remember how tough being a kid that you want to do something so bad, but nobody thinks you’re old enough to handle it. Question: (True of False) 1) Layne’s mom has no idea about him riding a bull. TF 2) Chase called Layne to have a pizza in the arena. TF 3) Layne’s is nervous to go home because of his mom. TF Chapter 6 Vocabulary Words: Suddenly Quickly and unexpectedly. Suicide The action of killing oneself intentionally. Plunged Jump or dive quickly and energetically. Demanded Ask authoritatively or brusquely. Disposition A persons inherent qualities of mind and character. Supposed Generally assumed or believed to be the case, but not necessarily so. Argue Exchange or express diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way. Rhythm A persons natural feeling for such arrangement. Trudged Walk slowly and with heavy steps, typically because of exhaustion or harsh conditions. Cowboy A man, typically one on horseback, who herds and tends cattle, esp. in the western US and as represented in westerns and novels. Summary: Chase started to teach Layne how to ride a bull. But he noticed that Layne is holding his bull rope wrong and dangerously. Layne’s rope holding is called the suicide wrap it was thought to him by his dad. And Chase used this Idea to get on Layne’s head and make him mad. Layne ride the bull and he got no rhythm on what he was doing and hit the ground hard. Chase says he has no concentration on his riding and he was just mad about him. Then Layne fought back at him and he says he can just ride on his way. Then Chase walk away and Layne caught him back and ask if he try it again on his way and they continue on bull riding. Question: (Circle the best answer) 1) Chase teaches Layne __________. a. To drive a car. b. Ride a bull. 2) Layne’s style of holding a bull rope is ________. a. Killer wrap. b. Suicide wrap 3) Layne ride the bull and his got no _______. a. Rhythm. b. Hat. Chapter 7 Vocabulary Words: Blur Make or become unclear or less distinct. Grumping Act in a sulky, grumbling manner. Halfheartedly without enthusiasm or interest. Squawked Make a loud, harsh noise. Gleam Shine brightly, esp. with reflected light. Squealing Make such a cry or noise. Outburst A sudden release of strong emotion. Coast Act or make progress without making much effort. Growling Make a low guttural sound of hostility in the throat. Savages A member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized. Summary: Layne talks about the past few weeks of his bull riding practise and how he’s doing well. Layne’s mom has an announcement that their cousin Becky is getting married at July third which is the same date of the rodeo that Layne entered. Three days later Jana phoned him to go to the arena to get some practise but he must hurry because they don’t know if when Jana’s parents will be back. When Layne arrives at the arena the chute has already a bull and it was Rhino it’s time for their rematch at first Layne is excited about it but after a few seconds when he was on the back of Rhino he felt like he was afraid and shaky then right before Chase open the Chute Jana stop them because Jana’s parents arrive then Chase bring Rhino back to his coral with other bulls Chase said the Layne can Just try it next time. Question: (True of False) 1) Layne is doing well on his bull riding practise. TF 2) Layne’s cousin Charley is getting married. TF 3) Layne and Rhino have their rematch. TF Chapter 8 Vocabulary Words: Dawned Come into existence. Reluctantly Unwilling and hesitant; disinclined Paced Walk at a steady and consistent speed, esp. back and forth and as an expression of ones anxiety or annoyance. Roared Make a loud, deep, prolonged sound. Sputtered Make a series of soft explosive sounds, typically when being heated or as a symptom of a fault. Groan Make a deep inarticulate sound in response to pain or despair. Pleasant Giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment. Eased Make (something unpleasant, painful, or intense) less serious or severe. Lurch An abrupt uncontrolled movement, esp. an unsteady tilt or roll. Struggle Make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction. Summary: July 3 is finally arrive Layne’s mom was about to leave and go to Edmonton for her niece wedding and before she leave she gave $50 for Layne to go to the rodeo. Layne was guilty not to tell her mom that he were going to ride a bull for the rodeo but he knows her mom is going to be really mad at her so he did not tell her mom. As Layne and Terror was about to leave Terror says that load Rambo to the trailer because she also entered for barrel racing at first Layne was mad at Terror because she don’t tell to their mom that she will enter the barrel race but after he thought about it he realized that he done the same thing so they load Rambo at the trailer but the trailer tire was flat. So they load him at the back of the track. When they were driving Layne was very careful not to take a sharp turn for Rambo then he noticed Rick Barker from his school that Rick and his friends were driving recklessly and above over the designated speed limit so Layne pull over and let them pass by but Rambo fell of the track and got hurt they call the vet to look at Rambo the vet says that Rambo should take bake home and give a plenty of rest. When they are home their mom called them Layne was so nervous that he will get in trouble for what happened if their mom’s will find out what to them so he lied that everything is fine and their mom told them that she will stay at Edmonton for the night because their aunt Bonnie says so. After their conversation Jana and Chase got into their house asking what happened to them and why they didn’t show up for the rodeo. Layne talks to Layne how sorry he was because all the effort of Chase of getting him ready for the rodeo is all waste but Chase laugh because he talks to the arena director and he owned him a favor that Layne’s ride is moved into tomorrow’s go-round and Layne becomes very Happy about it and he accept it. Question: (Fill in the blanks) 1) Layne’s mom goes to _____________ for her niece wedding. 2) Rambo fell of the truck and got ______. 3) Layne and Terror called the _________ to see how Rambo’s condition. Chapter 9 Vocabulary Words: Unwind Relax after a period of work or tension. Cursing Be afflicted with Eager Wanting to do or have something very much. Clenched Close into a tight ball, esp. when feeling extreme anger. Bronc Bronc riding, either saddle bronc or bareback bronc competition is a rodeo event that involves a rodeo participant riding on a horse (sometimes called a bronc or bronco), that attempts to throw or buck off the rider. Swerved Change or cause to change direction abruptly Wince Give a slight involuntary grimace or shrinking movement of the body out of or in anticipation of pain or distress. Freaked React or behave in a wild and irrational way, typically because of the effects of extreme emotion, mental illness, or drugs. Hauled Pull or drag with effort or force. Smearing Spread (a greasy, oily, or sticky substance) over something. Summary: Layne got to the rodeo ground he waits an hour before he could even find out which bull he drawn he got in the rodeo secretary Mrs. Henry and ask If he can find out which bull will he riding and paid his entry fee. And he got Rhino to be the bull to ride on there are 3 bull riders before him first one is Jason Thorne he was a good bull rider he finished his ride with 8 seconds and have 85 points, the second rider is Mark Greely he got fell off the bull he was riding really fast, third rider is Rusty Barnett and after the announcer called Rusty to start the ride Chase called Layne to get ready and get on the back on Rhino because his riding next. As Layne is sitting on the back of rhino he saw Rusty Barnett got hurt and he should have just let go of the bull but he can’t because Rusty is doing he suicide wrap he can’t get out his hand out of the rope so the clown on the arena distract the bull and help Rusty to get out. While Layne is Watching Rusty he remembered his dad because what happened to Rust it’s almost the same thing that happened to his dad. After Rusty`s ride Layne is next the announcer get the crowd to get calm for what they have seen about Rusty. Then while the announcer was introducing Layne Chase is yelling at him that to get off Rhino and he`s not going to ride but Layne ignore him and looked to the gate man and yelled Outside then the gate opened and Rhino has been unleashed to the chute he jump and spin left and right Layne manage to get still on Rhino but he fell down on the ground the Layne got back off to Rhino after the clowns got Rhino Layne saw his mother and they have a conversation then his mom forgive him for what he did and accept that Layne is a bull rider then his mom ugged him and the next thing he knew is there is Jana hugged him and give him a kiss then Terror was charging up for him he thought Terror will hug him too but instead Terror just punched him in the arm and says not bad and he looked over the fence to see Chase and he was just standing there and winked at Layne. THE END Question: (True or False) 1) Layne arrives to early at the arena. TF 2) Layne remember his dad while watching Rusty Barnett rid e. TF 3) Layne’s mom, Jana and Terror hugged him after his ride. TF Characters Layne McQueen Main Character of the story, Teen age boy who wants to follow the footsteps of his father Jeff McQueen to be a bull rider and join the rodeo and win the championship. Tara Terror McQueen Layne`s sister who help him to archive his goal. Jana Kelvin – Daughter of Jack Kelvin who owns the arena where Layne is always sneaking in to practice bull riding. Chase Kincaid – Jana`s grandfather and Trained Layne on Bull riding. Becky – Layne`s cousin. Bonnie – Layne`s aunt. Rick Barker – Layne`s classmate. Mr. Bowlen – Layne`s rugby Couch. Mrs. Henry – Rodeo secretary.

Should managers and management students study the history of Essay

Should managers and management students study the history of management from a critical perspective - Essay Example The study of the history of management is the basis upon which the entire profession set, and to deny students the opportunity to study it would also mean that the erosion of the profession has begun. Therefore, students and future managers have to study the history of management from a critical perspective because this is the only way that they can learn how to do better in their jobs. Furthermore, it is also important for a critical study of the history of the profession so that those who study it can not only be able to learn how the different theories of management evolved, but also be able to come up with better theories, which might help future managers. The study of management history from a critical perspective is immensely important for the continued development of the profession. The critical study of management history is extremely important for managers of organizations because of the fact that they get to learn how to better manage the changes that are affecting their or ganizations. It is a well known fact that in most organizations, very few changes are effectively implemented by the managers who attempt to does so, with the success rate being so low that one would say that they are negligible. The reason for these low rates of success is that there is often resistance from the employees because of the fact that the managers do not know how to address these changes before attempting to implement them. The managers of many organizations often ignore the feelings of their employees when implementing changes and when they meet resistance, they often take an antagonistic stance towards it. This is because many managers in the current generation have not had an opportunity to make a critical study of management history and attempted to learn from past management practices how to manage their employees. Many managers view resistance to change from their employees as being a way to sabotage the activities of the organization, and often take an adversaria l approach towards it. These managers are often ignorant of the history of management, because of they had been aware of it, then they would have realized from the mistakes of their predecessors that an adversarial stance against employees does not work. Therefore, it is very important for managers to critically study management history in order to be able to better manage changes within their organizations (Bedeian 2004, p.93). The era of globalization has come about so fast that many companies have come to have a hard time in keeping pace with the sudden expansion of their markets. A large number of companies have expanded worldwide, and with this expansion has come the need for them to adapt to the different cultures that they encounter. Therefore, it is important for managers to get to learn about the history of management from a critical perspective in order to be able to know how to function in different environments. The history of management from diverse sources all over the world, when studied critically, can be most enlightening for managers as well as students of management (Smith 2007, p.523). This is because of the fact that, even in management, there is the need for cultural relativism, especially now when many organizations are operating on a global scale and interacting with diverse cultures. Cultural relativism

HIgh Risk Families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HIgh Risk Families - Essay Example (2011), pregnancy can develop problem behaviours and increased substance use in teen around 14years of age. This is because of the confounding effect of variables, such as maternal socio-demographic status, mental health and substance use during pregnancy (p.200). During pregnancy, a female undergoes many psychological changes or mood changes. Even matured females are sometimes face problems in adjusting with such mood changes. In the case of teenagers, such mood changes may cause huge damage to their mental health. Depression, anxiety, hallucinations etc are some of the behavioural problems associated with teen pregnancy. It should be noted that the society and family may not welcome teen pregnancy. Under such circumstances, pregnant teenagers may face some kind of isolation both from the family and from the society. Apart from psychological problems, lot of physical problems may occur to pregnant teenagers. Body undergoes huge physiological changes during pregnancy. The immature bo dy of the teenagers may not be able to adjust properly with such changes and subsequently physical problems may arise. Adeyinka, et al. ... Moreover, â€Å"nearly half of all STIs (48%) occur in youth 15 to 24 years of age. In 2008, 17% of new HIV diagnoses were among adolescents aged 13 to 24† (Morbidity and Mortality among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States, 2011, p.5). The following table provides a rough idea about the sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers. Sexually Transmitted Infection Number of Cases Human Papillomavirus 4.6 million Trichomoniasis 1.9 million Chlamydia 1.5 million Genital Herpes 640,000 Gonorrhea 431,000 HIV 15,000 Syphilis 8,200 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010 (Morbidity and Mortality among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States, 2011, p.5) Assessment considerations Teen mothers face lot of social and emotional, psychological and physical problems. Because of pregnancy, teen mothers might not be able to complete their school education. It should be noted that the complications before birth and after the birth of the child may not h elp teen mothers to concentrate on their studies. Lack of education prevents them from securing a decent job. Lack of job will create financial problems to them. Moreover, the children of teenage mothers may not perform well in their studies. The intellectual abilities of such children could be inferior to that of the children of normal mothers. Drop out cases are reported more in the case of children of teenage mothers. Along with these social problems, teen mothers may face lot of psychological and physical problems which were explained earlier in this paper. Family theory related to teen pregnancy Family Stress and Coping Theory seems to be relevant while dealing with teen

The Causes of Suicide in the Military Research Paper

The Causes of Suicide in the Military - Research Paper Example (Alvarez) It is evident from the graph that the suicide rate has been almost doubled in 2008 compared to the 2003 statistics. In any case, one thing is for sure; suicide rates among American military personnel are growing rapidly in recent times because of various reasons. Even though military authorities are trying hard to reduce the suicide rates among soldiers, so far they failed to do so because of the complex reasons associated with suicides in military. This paper analyses the causes and effects of suicides in American military. Suicide rates among American military personnel have been more than that among American civilians in recent times. The above fact clearly suggests that there should be some specific reasons to the increased suicide rates among soldiers. The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide proposes that three necessary factors are needed to die by suicide: feelings that one does not belong with other people, feelings that one is a burden on others or societ y, and an acquired capability to overcome the fear and pain associated with suicide (Bryan, et al. p.1044). Feelings that one does not belong with other people seems to be the major reason for increasing suicide rates among soldiers. ... Socializing is an essential activity required for each human being to maintain a stable mental health. Military life provides less diversity for socializing activities. It should be noted that in normal life a person’s socializing habits takes place in a diverse environment; socializing with family members, socializing with relatives, socializing with peers, socializing with opposite sex, socializing with friends etc. On the other hand, in military life, socializing is only a one way traffic; socializing between the soldiers and that also only on specific occasions. Thus feelings of loneliness or feelings that one does not belong with other people may increase among soldiers, which may finally develop frustrations and subsequent suicide attempts. Feeling of unworthiness or feeling that one is a burden on others or society is another reason for suicide tendency among soldiers. As mentioned earlier, military life provides only limited opportunities for family life as far as a so ldier is concerned. A soldier may not be able to fulfill his family and social commitments while working in the military. The failure to fulfill these commitments may generate feeling of unworthiness among soldiers. Such feelings can also cause the development of suicide tendency. Acquired capability to overcome the fear and pain associated with suicide is the third major reason for increased suicide rates among military personnel. It should be noted that soldiers are brave people and they are engaged in acts like killing of enemies. In other words, killing or dying is not a fearful act for them. Thus when the feeling of unworthiness develops, soldiers are not hesitant in committing suicide. Army