Concept of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Essay -- essays researc

Concept of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Voice over Internet Protocol, commonly known as VoIP, is a technology used for the transmission of voice information using the Internet Protocol (IP). VoIP allows the sending of voice information in a digital form using packets as opposed to the traditional circuit-committed protocols of the Public Switched Telephone network (PSTN). Traditionally when one wishes to make a phone call, a call is placed using a telephone that is connected to a circuit-switched network. In a circuit switched network, network resources are static; the network resources are allocated from the sender to the receiver before the start of the voice transmission. Two points are connected in both directions thus creating a â€Å"circuit†. The resources remain dedicated to the circuit during the entire transfer and the entire voice transmission follows the same path, this is the foundation of the PSTN. Up until circa 1960, every call had a dedicated wiring stretching from one end of the call to the other for the duration of the call. An example of this essential physical connection is a call from New York to Los Angeles required all the switches to connect pieces of copper wire between the two points for the entire duration of the call. Naturally this was expensive due to the resources in use. Telephone conversations today are somewhat more efficient and cost a lot less. The voice transmission is digitized, and along with thousands of other phone calls can ...

Defining Abnormality Essay

Introduction Abnormal behavior comes from many different backgrounds of all ages, cultures and religions. Abnormal Psychology is made of all different factors and within those factors branch out into the abnormal behavior that is so many people. Personality is what shapes behavior and the cultural around a person no matter what age or religion can affect a person to start with abnormal behavior. In this paper one will find that age, cultural and religion does play a factor defining what abnormality is about. What is normal and what is abnormal behavior? Age Age is a huge factor in abnormal psychology and in defining and determining if there is normal or abnormal behavior being used. As we grow up and get older we change and we act differently, our age is a huge factor because with age we learn more and more and act differently and this can make our behaviors different as well and that is why age is a challenge to knowing if behavior is normal or abnormal. There are many challenges in determining normal from abnormal but age is definitely a big one and is looked at and considered before clarifying if a behavior is normal or abnormal. When looking at someone’s behavior and trying to distinguish if it is normal or abnormal we must look at their age as well. Behaviors that might be abnormal at one age group might not be abnormal in a different age group (ccvillage. buffalo. edu, N. A. ). Someone who is an adult and in their thirties is less likely to act immature or childish, it is not normal, compared to someone who is seven and a child still. If an abnormal behavior is found then age is looked at, if this child has an abnormal behavior will he or she grow out of it as they age or do they need help? These are a few things they look at and think about when age is involved. Age also determines whether or not a certain behavior can be trouble in the future. When trying to diagnosis someone’s behavior it is harder at a younger age and the age really needs to be looked at and taken into consideration to make sure that the behavior that is being diagnosed isn’t just something someone at that age might do. There are many challenges when diagnosing a behavior normal or abnormal but age is a big challenge that needs to be taken seriously and looked at carefully. Culture Culture and behavior are just like two clashing forces. What one side feels is a normal behavior, the other side may identify as an abnormal behavior. Imagine going into a country that you are not familiar with. Being exposed to different environment and different ways of life can be difficult, and can even test the comfort zone. One country may have a variety of foods to choose from, while the other one may offer what the land has to give like rice, bread and even rats and bugs. Aside from experiencing other cultures, there is also the case of finding abnormalities and judging between normal and abnormal within our own communities. Culture does not only include food differences, but can be a variety of other classifications like intelligence and social status. â€Å"Intelligence – there is a normal distribution of IQ scores. Those whose scores are 2 sd’s below the mean of 100 are, by this definition mentally retarded (i. e. : abnormal)† (Ccvillage. buffalo. edu, N. A. ). There could be a situation where an immigrant begins school in his new country, and automatically he is stereotyped as a less intelligent person because of his cultural background. Finally, there is also the social norm, which is what all the normal people classify themselves as. While children are advancing through grade school, they classify one another as normal or abnormal. The cool kids and the majority of the regular, less exciting kids would be classified amongst themselves as normal. The other children like the girl who picks her nose, the bad student in the classroom and sometimes even the really smart children would not fit amongst the social norm, and be classified as abnormal. â€Å"Someone who frequently violates these unwritten rules is seen as abnormal. This is a very powerful and persuasive definition. It is seemingly common-sense. Norms are so deeply ingrained they seem absolute† (Ccvillage. buffalo. edu, N. A. ). Religion Religion creates another dimension of defining normal and abnormal behavior. Religion adds the dimension of morality. Religions consider immoral behavior to be abnormal behavior, and each religion has its own definition of immoral behavior. Abnormal behavior is behavior that is considered unusual for any given culture, society, or religion. Some religions consider tattooing and piercing the body is abnormal behavior while some cultures require tattooing and piercing as a right of passage. A verse in the Bible states â€Å" Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you: I am the LORD. (Leviticus 19:28)† Many religions, such as Christianity, use this verse to prove that tattooing and piercing is abnormal behavior and that it is immoral, while some Muslims receive a tattoo as proof they visited Mecca. A major challenge involving religion and abnormal behavior involves the Roman Catholic Church and exorcism. According to Margoni, L, children who are abused, mistreated, or rejected by parents or siblings, may become possessed by an evil spirit and be in need of exorcism. The child might exhibit abnormal behavior by abusing drugs and alcohol, and may suffer from depression. A clinician would prescribe counseling and possibly medication for the child, and would be a very different treatment of the child than the child would receive from a priest. Many behaviors would be thought of as abnormal according to religious views, societal/ cultural and clinical views, but the treatment could be very different. Many churches offer counseling for psychological and emotional problems and offer help that is in agreement with the beliefs of that particular religion. Many other examples exist concerning the challenge of religion in defining abnormal behavior, and how religious beliefs sometimes contradict modern psychological views and science. Individuals must use common sense and seek out credible clinicians and religious leaders when in need of psychological help. Conclusion Normal and abnormal behavior can be explained through different situations where one can be able to determine what I normal and abnormal. Age may determine certain behavior, a cultural background may determine different beliefs that may give off different emotions and even religions can determine a different way of worship.

Essay on Casinos - 1252 Words

Casinos Casinos have become a form of entertainment for millions of Americans. In fact, Las Vegas, considered to be the home of casino gambling, is third only to Disneyworld and New York for tourism with 260 million visitors yearly. While it is true that casinos generate billions of dollars in revenues hardly any of that makes it back to the local economy as promised by the lobbyists to have casinos built in a city. Effects on local economies include construction jobs are created as well as hospitality jobs within the casino. While it is true jobs are created though usually they go to people outside the communities. The lobbyists for these huge casino companies state that it will also revive a dying economy if they allow casino gambling†¦show more content†¦They will borrow theirselves into bankruptcy. In South Dakota, the state has experienced increases in chapter seven bankruptcies. But personal debt is by far not the only problem for compulsive gamblers. In the same two years the bankruptcy increased in South Dakota, the number of divorces increased nearly 6 percent. Also, child abuse and neglect are high among the crimes that compulsive gamblers commit. A study of the impact of casino gambling on Atlantic City and surrounding areas found that not only did crime spill over to surrounding areas which were easily accessible from Atlantic City, but some of the areas had no measurable economic benefit from casino development. The fact that gambling leads to crime has even been measured. In 1994 the national crime rate fell to percent, while in the 31 places they get new casino 04, saw a 7.7 percent increasing crime. Governments are creating environments were normal people, without criminal background, are being lured into activities that could lead them to commit serious crimes. 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