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Elizabeth Cady Stanton America s First Feminist

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: America’s First Feminist Feminism. The word, depending on the person, could leave a sweet or sour taste. It means, simply, â€Å"The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†(oxforddictionaries.com). But the connotation varies, from the aggressive to the convincing. When the eight-letter word pops into someone s brain, they might picture powerful modern and inspiring figures, like Malala Yousafzai, the youngest person, male or female, to receive a nobel peace prize, or Emma Watson, an actress in Hollywood protesting wage gaps. But the negative connotation is much more widely known. According to theyoungpost.com, â€Å"in a recent poll in the UK carried out by YouGov, only 19% of the public were willing to identify themselves as feminists, but 81% believe women should be treated equally to men†. Those are the same thing right? No, not in the public’s eyes. â€Å"A lot of people confuse the core of feminism with the values of being †˜male haters’ and female superiority†, said an article in the Mancunion, Britain’s largest student newspaper. How did it ever fall so far? Feminism didn’t have this rough of a public meaning back when the word was used for the first time. According to The Oxford dictionary, the word feminist came from the french word fà ©ministe, and came about in the 19th century. America’s powerful fight for today’s women s rights began in the late 1840’s. Lead by none other than strong, independantShow MoreRelatedWomen s Degradation By Elizabeth Cady Stanton928 Words   |  4 Pageswoman was made for man† (Stanton) Believed to be one of the greatest and most influential feminists of not only her generation, but of all time, Elizabeth Cady Stanton paved the way for women and their rights in a time when they had none. Elizabeth, was one of the first feminist theorists in America and through her beliefs that women deserve equality and equal ri ghts, she paved the way for the future of women and her effect on America is still felt today. Elizabeth’s first major fight within the worldRead MoreFeminism, By Elizabeth Cady Stanton And Lucretia Mott1300 Words   |  6 PagesBefore feminism, an American woman s life was like a prison. A woman could be forced to stay at home, abused mentally and physically, and had no rights in the eyes of the law. In the 19th century, the first feminist convention was permitted: the Seneca Falls convention for women’s advocates in New York. The convention was held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. These women addressed the idea of improving the rights of women. Accomplishing the overall idea, sixty-eight women and thirty-twoRead MoreFeminism : An Definition Of Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesMany people misinterpret what this term means based on media and people who do not know better. Many people who may misinterpret feminism may describe it as a movement to make women superior to men. They may say that those who claim to be a feminist are ones who hate men and strive to assert themselves above them. However, that is not the case. An accurate definition of feminism includes, â€Å"...a doctrine or movement that advocates equal rights for women†. Merriam ­Webster dictionary definesRead MoreWomen s Suffrage By Matilda Joslyn Gage1433 Words   |  6 Pageswoman’s rights. Examples of rights feminists include early reformers like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Rights feminists believed that woman should be given suffrage because it was their right as citizens. Following these woman are difference feminists, like Frances Willard. These feminists believed that woman should be given the vote because woman would represent different ideas and beliefs in the polls. Finally, there are emancipation feminists who believe in the total and absoluteRead MoreWomen s Role During The Nineteenth Century1316 Words   |  6 PagesA Women’s Role in the Nineteenth Century In the mid to late nineteenth century, America was full of potential. Settlers were cultivating the west, blacks that were once captive were no longer enslaved, and a woman’s role in society was undergoing a transformation. The reality of this all was, blacks were not considered equal status with whites, American Indians were being pushed out west and women were still considered second-class citizens. During this century, women were reliant on men for muchRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : Women s Rights1922 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract Elizabeth Cady Stanton forever changed the social and political landscape of the United States of America by succeeding in her work to guarantee rights for women and slaves. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader in the 19th century for women’s activist and women’s suffrage leader. As an active American abolitionist, she gave many lectures and wrote books. Among those fighting for women’s rights, she was a primary leader. Though she was interested in women’s rights from many perspectivesRead MoreWomen s Impact On Women Essay2266 Words   |  10 PagesThe 1800’s redefined who, what, and how women would continue to be represented in the United States. Prior to this era women’s roles in America were very limited; women had to abide by laws such as coverture. Men were the dominating force in social events, political events and in the economy. Nonetheless, women continued to fight these injustices and set multiple milestones during the 1800â€⠄¢s and the 1900’s. Several significant people and movements would attribute to these noteworthy milestones thatRead MoreInfluential Leaders Of Women s Suffrage1660 Words   |  7 Pageswere; Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Emmeline Pankhurst and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. These influential leaders involved in Women s Suffrage helped to improve the quality of life in the 1920’s by fighting for equality, and driving congress to pass the 19th amendment that gave women the strength and courage to stand up for themselves. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, born in 1815 Johnstown, New York, was an American feminist who organized the first women’s rights convention at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca FallsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the household before the Industrial Revolution. These changes aroused a series of feminist activities, including the liberation movement and the establishment of mainstream feminist groups in the 1940s. There are three phases of feminism: the first-wave, started from 19th century to early 20th century, the second-wave, spanning from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, and the third-wave, from the early 1990s through the present time. These movements indicate women’s consciousness and abilityRead MoreWomen s Suffrage By Elizabeth Cady Stanton1582 Words   |  7 PagesIn the late 1800’s women were tired of being put on the back burner. Women were not able to vote, work certain jobs and some were not able to get a basic educatio n. There were many political changes arising and women wanted to have a voice and take part of the process. Women wanted to be considered equal with the same opportunities as men. In the 1840’s the first women suffrage convention entitled Seneca Falls Convention took place some women thought that their view were too extreme. .Many women

The Apprenticeship System †Summary Free Essays

THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM Aims of apprenticeship * To provide a peaceful transition from slavery to freedom * To guarantee planters an adequate supply of labour during the period and prepare for full freedom * To train apprentices for freedom especially working for wages * To enable the colonial governments to revise the system of justice and establish institutions suitable for a free society. The SMs were retired naval and army officers on half pay, appointed from Britain who were accustomed to rough conditions and enforcing discipline. They were chosen because they were not connected to the planter class and it was felt that they would not be biased. We will write a custom essay sample on The Apprenticeship System – Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Duties of stipendiary magistrates * To supervise the apprenticeship system * To settle disputes between masters and apprentices * To visit estates at regular intervals and hold court * To inspect jailhouses and workhouses * To assist in fixing the value of negroes who wanted to buy their freedom These duties were strenuous and led to the death of many SMs who were not accustomed to tropical conditions and could not afford the high cost of medical treatment. Conditions of employment Salary – ? 300 for the first year then increased to ? 450 for travel expenses and housing. There was no pension for dependents if the SM died in service. There was no sick leave and he had to pay his own fare back home if he was dismissed or out of service. These bad working conditions prevented SMs from performing their duties satisfactorily and many were easily bribed by planters. They were also overburdened by work because they were so few in numbers. Those who tried to do their duties were sometimes persecuted. They were abused physically, verbally and via the press. They were all obstructed in the performance of their duties as planters sometimes refused to allow them on the estates. Success of stipendiary magistrates * They listened to complaints from both sides and acted as a buffer between masters and apprentices. * They informed apprentices of their rights, they did not have to listen to gossip or obtain information from newspapers. * They helped apprentices to organise their lives better by giving advice. However, they had very little to formulate schemes to improve the social conditions of the apprentices. They were unable to prevent apprentices from being punished harshly. Punishments Apprentices were usually sent to the workhouse, however SMs had no control over what happened there. The most common form of punishment in the workhouse was the treadmill. There was also the whipping post and apprentices could be put in penal gangs. Females often had their heads shaved. Time lost in the workhouse had to be repaid by the apprentice by working for his master during his free time. Controlling apprentices on the estates * It was illegal for apprentices to leave the estate without written permission. * Valuations on able-bodied slaves were often inflated. * High fees were charged for the use of the markets and for licences to work off the estates as carpenters, blacksmiths and so on. These licences and tickets to sell in the markets could be withdrawn. * Planters refused to give customary allowances. * Planters found faults with apprentices’ work, which had to be done over in the apprentices’ free time. Apprentices were locked up on false charges which would often be dropped before the arrival of the SM. * Apprentices’ fruit trees would be cut down and they were forbidden to own livestock. * The 401/2 hours per week were spread over five days instead of four. * Low wages would be paid; unfair deductions from wages would be made; and the wages were generally paid late. The End of Apprenticeship Apprenticeship ended for ALL apprentices in 1838 because: * The system was not achieving its aims. * The antislavery society exposed the abuses in the system and began to campaign for full freedom. The planters feared violence if domestic apprentices were freed before field apprentices. * Some planters felt that it was cheaper not to have to provide for apprentices and only to employ the number of labourers they needed. Note: Antigua granted full freedom to its slaves. The planters decided against apprenticeship. The apprenticeship system came to an end in 1838 when the colonial governments in each colony voted against its continuation. http://www. youthlinkjamaica. com/cxc/history20100302. htm How to cite The Apprenticeship System – Summary, Papers

The Link Between Perceived Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the leadership is the main factor to perform a new task in an organization? Answer: Introduction In this competitive world, it is quite tough for all peoples to work with different leading peoples. This assignment main motto is to provide the information about how to lead effectively. In this assignment, the researcher applies its knowledge that is gained from several multi-national companies in the time of recruiting and selecting various Rolls-Royce Company employees. Below are the details of procedure of recruitment and selection. Background of the Rolls-Royce Company Rolls-Royce is a British multi-national automobile Rolls-Royce Company founded in the year 1906. The Rolls-Royce Company manufacturer cars and aerospace power systems. The Rolls-Royce Company is known for moat branded cars worldwide. It works on some elliptical policy. The policy is that the Rolls-Royce Company does not sell its cars to any illiterate persons. It must hold some criteria that are very valuable to Rolls-Royce Company resources. The Rolls-Royce Company has more than six sub-divisions with BMW as a parent Rolls-Royce Company. The Rolls-Royce Company manufacturers and produces a large variety of cars with advanced and innovative technology inbuilt. The Rolls-Royce Company has its headquarters in United Kingdom (UK). The Rolls-Royce Company is hiring its new staff members in its UK branch. The researcher has provided a pure documentation of Recruitment and Selection process with respect to Rolls-Royce Company. Figure 1: Official Logo of Rolls-Royce (Source: Rolls-roycemotorcars.com, 2016) Recruitment, Selection and Retention procedures Identification of job role with job specification and description In every multi-national organization, the factors of human resource play a very vital role in assuring the success of organization. As the Rolls-Royce Company success is depends upon the skill, talent and creative labor force, the steps of recruiting and selecting desired candidate is becoming very important in every organization. The procedure requires several important documents that need to adhere in a strict Rolls-Royce Company statutory law (Bratton and Gold 2012). In most of the companies the process of recruitment, selection and retention is maintained and manipulated by department of human resource of a Rolls-Royce Company. It prepare crucial document for the desired candidate to select a new candidate for a Rolls-Royce Company abide by several Rolls-Royce Company rules and regulations (Alfes et al. 2013) The Rolls-Royce Company is hiring 10 new staff members. The department of human resource of Rolls-Royce Company will prepare the following prescribed document of new staff. Recruitment Approval The process of organization recruitment process is started with the grand permission of Rolls-Royce Company authority. The related departments of an organization who will hire new employees send an inbuilt draft with the details of position description and qualification document entitled with post. After approving the authority draft; it directly sends to the human resource department of a Rolls-Royce Company (Bratton and Gold 2012). The procedure of recruitment and selection of the Rolls-Royce Company will not be started until it gets the required permission from the department of human resource. The grand approval should contain the electronic draft description copy and the advertisement. Position description Before giving any advertisement the Rolls-Royce Company must needed to outline the position. It basically includes the responsibility and the duty works of new staff members. The department of human resource of a Rolls-Royce Company mentioned the position descriptions as Staffs. Advertisement It is the most efficient and most effective way of highlighting a detail description with necessary updated news. It enables the organization to work flexibly and saves many times as it is very efficient and most complex way of inheriting the advertisement. There are various kinds of online and offline advertisement and promotional mix like media print, media electronics, open advertisement and etc (Li et al. 2013). The concern department of a Rolls-Royce Company will choose its path of advertisement and announce the related Rolls-Royce Company position description. For instance the advertisement highlight of a Rolls-Royce Company is mentioned below: For driver: Closing date of application: 31/03/2016 Location: UK Salary: $1200 pa Situation vacant: 30 Working hours (per week): 40 hours Post responsibility: It must agree to maintain and manipulate a relation of cooperative with co-worker. It must agree to go all places in UK. It must agree to deliver goods safely. It must agree to maintain excellent professional skills. Knowledge and skill required for the post: Positive and flexibility working attitude. Creative and self motivated. Full experienced. Basic knowledge of English. It must acquire a legal and valid UK driving license. Legislation that need to recruit and select candidate for Job The procedure of recruitment of selection initiates the legal laws of a Rolls-Royce Company management. The awareness of various rules and regulations might help the Rolls-Royce Company to minimize the management of risk; job offers checking and interview questions (Townley 2014). There are some vital related laws related with the procedure of recruitment of selection which includes sex discrimination act, equality of employment and relation race act. Some of are described below: Impact of sex discrimination act Most of the multi-national Rolls-Royce Company maintain and manipulates the discrimination of sex act. If any desired employees or candidate is qualified for their specified job description whether it is male or female; the Rolls-Royce Company is bound to recruit them. Any Rolls-Royce Company cannot discriminate on the basis of gender (Langley et al. 2013). Impact of relation and race act If the Rolls-Royce Company advertisement for job calls for particular country nationality; it will definitely break the initiation of relation race act. If any person is belonging to a particular community or region; the Rolls-Royce Company is bound to recruit it anyway. Impact of advertising law When the department of human resource adheres advertisement regarding job; he/she would make sure that is must not be discriminatory against any age, race, ethnicity or sex and etc. It must make assurance that the Rolls-Royce Company job advertisement did not break any law (Khilji and Roberts 2014) Impact of employment right The Rolls-Royce Company management board interview must check the legal right of candidate to work in UK or not. The Rolls-Royce Company must check the legal and criminal records of candidates. Discussion of role within the organization in recruitment and selection process After giving the Rolls-Royce Company job advertisement; the new task of human resource department is to take part in the process of selection. The department of human resource of a Rolls-Royce Company plays a significant and vital role in process of selection (Kuipers et al. 2014). Selecting a selection and recruitment panels The department of human resource of a Rolls-Royce Company will select the selection and recruitment panel for scheduling of appointment. There are maximum two types of panels available in the process of recruitment and selection process (Jiang et al. 2012). The Rolls-Royce Company is selecting the new staff members for its Rolls-Royce Company. The process includes like: Short listing of candidate After receiving the application information from several candidates the panels will shortlist a candidate by using Rolls-Royce Company short listing method. Some of the common method includes written examinations, multiple questions and answers and etc. After performing the process of short listing candidates; the department of human resource of a Rolls-Royce Company will arrange the further interview procedure. Interviews The Rolls-Royce Company will take the interview of selecting candidates. This process is a very common process of every Rolls-Royce Company. In this stage the human resource department will ask some major questions like tell me about something, the candidate experience and qualifications, their cultural background and etc (Kuipers et al. 2014). Appointment The panels of recruitment and selection will now recommend the selected candidates who clearly satisfy the selection panels by inheriting the minimum criterion for final appointment of jobs (Alfes et al. 2013). The department of human resource of a Rolls-Royce Company will gives final appointment receipt to selected candidates who have passed from recruitment and selection panels. Discussion of view regarding selection process at Rolls-Royce In this assignment, I have taken part in preparing necessary documents for employees selection. Then, I had given job advertisement to gather several candidates. I have also taken part in the recruitment and selection panels for appointing new staffs for the Rolls-Royce Company. I play a role of preparing vital documents to appoint new candidates (Alfes et al. 2013) Leadership in Team Description of Leadership Skills and Attributes that required Leaderships are a very important keyword to every organization. Every designation in an organization is a part of a leader. It plays a very vital role than Rolls-Royce Company manager. There are various types of leaderships; whereas each type of leaderships has some negative and positive impact on Rolls-Royce Company management. The Rolls-Royce Company is going to enlarge its interface by creating its new distribution. This part of assignment contains the necessary details about leadership styles and quality needed for different leaders and various motivational techniques (Jiang et al. 2012). Explanation of the Difference between Leadership and Management The Rolls-Royce Company management decides to open a new distribution for better expansion growth. The Rolls-Royce Company management appoints a person who takes the responsibility of Rolls-Royce Company new distribution. Now the question arises is that the appointed candidate has the traits of manager or leader? Some of the arguments are mentioned below: The new candidate is responsible for Rolls-Royce Company new distribution. If the person has the behavior of manager only; he will not be accelerates and maintains the distribution effectively. The leader has the qualities of both manager and as well as leader. The reason is that the person cannot adjust managerial ability; he will not be a leader. The leaders have some special attributes to maintain the distribution more carefully and effectively. Approach of management or leadership that must be followed by Rolls-Royce Company candidate There are various types of approaches present in the leadership process. Some of these are: democratic leadership, laissez faire leadership, autocratic leadership, paternalistic leadership and etc. In accordance of latest opinion it is better to chose democratic leadership to lead and innovate new Rolls-Royce Company distribution (Kuipers et al. 2014). Democratic leadership It is a form of procurement leadership. In this leadership approach the candidate participate in Rolls-Royce Company decision making process. Before taking any Rolls-Royce Company decision the Rolls-Royce Company manager will take the opinion of several superiors. It reflects employee responsibility with respect to management new distribution (Alfes et al. 2013) Comparison of Leadership styles in different situations As discussed above there are different types of leadership process; with different concept. Some of the explanations are discussed: Democratic leadership: In this type of leadership, the maximum candidate must take part in Rolls-Royce Company management decision making process. The chance of motivation rate is very high. Autocratic leadership: in this stage, the Rolls-Royce Company management should take the maximum decision with the absence of organization stakeholders (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). It results a chance of dissatisfaction among several employees in an organization. Paternalistic leadership: In this stage, manager takes all management decision and there is an independence of candidates. This creates an anomaly among different Rolls-Royce Company employees that lead to dissatisfaction (Kuipers et al. 2014). Laissez faire leadership: In this stage the decision makers itself are the Rolls-Royce Company employees. They had been allowed a free allowance for providing any manag ement decision schedule. Explanation of the ways to motivate staffs at Rolls-Royce There are various approaches of motivation to achieve the aim and objectives of the organization. Some of major motivational approaches are Maslow Theory and theory of X and Y. Most of the companies use the technique of Maslow Theory to motivate employees. The Rolls-Royce Company uses the theory as: Reasonable payment: The Rolls-Royce Company must ensure reasonable and effective salary for all employees working in an organization. This would enhance the employees to increase a rate of motivation by offering a handsome salary. Because it fulfills the physical and psychological needs of an employees (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). Treatment of employees with adequate respect The treatment culture of all employees with respect to bridging factor helps to motivate the employees. Because, it fulfills the needs of culture respect and cultural prestige (Alfes et al. 2013) Beside, the Rolls-Royce Company also uses various techniques to motivate several employees. Effective Team Building Importance and Identification of Teamwork at Rolls-Royce Contribution to success The team work is very beneficial for the success and sake of employees. It is very important for the Rolls-Royce Company management to work with team members; to attain a desired goal. In some situation it seems very tough for the employees to work individually; in that situation they can work as an organization team members. Growth of efficiency The Rolls-Royce Company team work is an efficient keyword to manipulate efficiency in an organization. It enables the Rolls-Royce Company to perform the task quickly with better effectiveness. Cooperation and compromization is the most efficient keyword in every Rolls-Royce Company management. It reduces the work stress and enables the employees to perform better with good complexity (Alfes et al. 2013) Development of employee relations As mentioned above, it is very important to maintain team work in organizational work. The stage of development of employee relations tends to be much higher in multi-national companies. It reflects the relation between superiors and subordinates and between superiors and Rolls-Royce Company levels of management. Demonstration of working as Team leader in a Rolls-Royce Company The Rolls-Royce Company has to face several intellectual situations in day-to-day organizational tasks. Some employees usually solve their issues by working in a team together. They are very much focus on organization goal orientation. The consideration of team role has been identified by applying the Belbins model: Coordinator: It is considered as the orientation of team leader. He is the person who is responsible for Rolls-Royce Company aim and objectives. He is very positive minded and involves better dedications of work portfolio. Shaper: The shaper is the most important part of an organization. He is full of energy and motivation to win challenges. He is very much focused and committed towards completing the work. Resource Investigator: He is the person who makes and explores the organizational opportunities and makes several contacts. Team worker: It generally contributes the objectives of a Rolls-Royce Company team to perform a vital task. He is very much useful for its technical skills within the Rolls-Royce Company team. Explanation of the Effectiveness of team in achieving goals at Rolls-Royce The Rolls-Royce Company is more effective in this innovative and competitive world. The Rolls-Royce Company has diversification of experience and knowledge that helps the organization to face and overcomes various challenges in the present world. Better efficiency and complexity enhance the organization team members to overcome the insanity of various complexities. The team also followed the Belbins Role with different aspects to make a team more effective and realistic. This results the Rolls-Royce Company management to reach its aim and objectives (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). Needs of Individual Development Explanation of the factors that involved in planning and monitoring of work performance The Rolls-Royce Company is very eminent and famous for its overall services. It tries to establish the growth of business in outside world. In this phase of activities, it needs to provide new and existing employees with high and qualified training activities and with better learning styles in a Rolls-Royce Company management. The need of analysis of Rolls-Royce Company training assessments includes: Analysis of the Rolls-Royce Company inclusive aim and objectives. Personal analysis: To analyze the desired and potential instructors and participants who are primarily involved in the process of management. Task analysis: the Rolls-Royce Company management has to analyze the main task and activities of employees who need an appropriate training. Performance analysis: The adequate training must be provided based on the performance of an employees criterion. Suitability of training analysis: The Rolls-Royce Company must be ensured about the interface suitability of training analysis that is very useful to Rolls-Royce Company management. Planning and delivering the assessment of needs of Individual Development The new staff members must be measured by their overall performance. The researcher Hs analyzed some of the measurement of performance. Setting of random methods: Different companies use different methods to measure the performance of employees. The most common factor that is responsible is checking time consciousness that is very much attentive in employee check criterion. Section of customer and client section: The Rolls-Royce Company must survey their clients about their method of services and performance appraisal of organization employees. Appraisal Interview: The Rolls-Royce Company must arrange the formal and basic appraisal interview to manipulate and measure the employees performance. It led the Rolls-Royce Company management to know the behavior of employees about their attitudes and quality (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). Evaluation of Success of assessment process The Rolls-Royce Company employees must provide training to other employees to work effectively and efficiently in sequence of changing environment. The new candidate must need the training orientation for their existing employees. In this stage the evaluations of assessment of training process is quite important for the consequences of training because it directly affects the performance productivity of other Rolls-Royce Company employees (Jiang et al. 2012). The training process includes some vital steps: objectives of a Rolls-Royce Company, assessment of need, gap assessment, training objectives, selection of trainees, selection of method of training, choosing a better evaluation, administration training, and evaluation of training, projection of training activities. Conclusion This is to conclude that the leadership is the main factor to perform a new task in an organization. The leaders only can make a radical change in order to compete several organizations changing background. The researcher has also highlighted the behavioral traits of managers and leaders in any Rolls-Royce Company management. It is very important for every Rolls-Royce Company to motivate their employees in order to gain productivity in work complexion. This reflects the orientation of market and as well as customer segmentation. References Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. eds., 2013.Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), pp.1264-1294. Khilji, N.K. and Roberts, S.A., 2015. An Exploratory Study of Knowledge Management for Enhanced Efficiency and Effectiveness: The Transformation of the Planning System in the UK Local Government.Journal of Information Knowledge Management,14(01), p.1550011. Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J. and Van der Voet, J., 2014. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), pp.1-20. Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J. and Van der Voet, J., 2014. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), pp.1-20. Langley, A.N.N., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H. and Van de Ven, A.H., 2013. Process studies of change in organization and management: unveiling temporality, activity, and flow.Academy of Management Journal,56(1), pp.1-13. Li, Q., Maggitti, P.G., Smith, K.G., Tesluk, P.E. and Katila, R., 2013. Top management attention to innovation: The role of search selection and intensity in new product introductions.Academy of Management Journal,56(3), pp.893-916. Pierce, J.R. and Aguinis, H., 2013. The too-much-of-a-good-thing effect in management.Journal of Management,39(2), pp.313-338. Townley, B., 2014. Selection and appraisal: reconstituting.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals), p.92.

Piaget V Erikson Essays - Developmental Psychology,

Piaget V Erikson dolescence is considered a difficult time of life and one in which a number of changes occur as the individual achieves a certain integration of different aspects of personality. One approach to the cognitive and emotional transitions made at different times of life is to consider how the changes in, say, adolescence are linked to a continuum of change beginning in childhood and continuing throughout life. Some theorists, such as Piaget, were interested primarily in the transitions of childhood and youth, while others, such as Erikson, saw all of life as a series of transitions and offered a continuum of stages covering all of life. Piaget became fascinated in his early studies with his discovery that children of the same age often gave the same incorrect answers to questions, suggesting that there were consistent, qualitative differences in the nature of reasoning at different ages, not simply a quantitative increase in the amount of intelligence or knowledge. This discovery marked the beginning of Piaget's continuing effort to identify changes in the way children thinkhow they perceive their world in different ways at different points in development. Piaget's contributions can be summarized by grouping them into four main areas. First, he produced literature on the general stages of intellectual development from infancy through adulthood. This concern occupied him from 1925 to 1940, and after 1940 he began to describe some of the developmental stages in formal, structural terms using models from symbolic logic (Flavell, 1963, 1-9). The different stages postulated by Piaget help to explain different rats of learning at different ages as well as the types of learning possible at different ages for the majority of the population. Learning itself is seen by Piaget as a process of discovery on the part of the individual, and learning as a formal activity becomes a system of organization by which instruction is enhanced by the way the teacher arranges experience. Learning is thus experiential, and Piaget suggests that experiences have meaning to the extent that they can be assimilated. Such assimilation does not take place without accommodation, an aspect of considerable importance from the point of view of adaptation and possible development: One of the principal aims of the teacher will be to present situations to the child which require him to adapt his past experience. The teacher is concerned with facilitating adaptation and assisting the child along the developmental path (Flavell, 1963, 91). The learning situation thus becomes a means of discovery as the child encounters something that is unknown, new, or problematical for the child. The achievement of understanding of this experiences produces an adaptation, and each adaptation made by the child is a discovery for him or her, an insight made through experience. Such a discovery process is ongoing and is not to be seen as a series of leaps from one insight to another. The process of discovery continues and builds on experiences already assimilated and adapted. The process is marked out by minute consolidations and extensions of past experience, with perhaps an occasional flash of insight (Flavell, 1963, 91-92). There are two principal learning theories in psychology, one of which focuses on the learning process while the other focuses on the capacity to learn. Piaget offered a biological theory of intelligence that was quite different and that he presented as a unified approach to intelligence and learning. Piaget restricted the ideal of learning to an acquisition of new knowledge that derives primarily from contact with the physical or social environment: He opposes it on the one hand to maturation which is based on physiological processes; on the other hand and most importantly he differentiates it from the acquisition of general knowledge or intelligence which he defines as the slowly developing sum total of action coordinations available to an organism at a given stage (Furth, 1969, 221). Piaget contends that this general knowledge is actively constructed by the individual who, in constructing this knowledge, lives the process of his or her development. Piaget had actually started out to analyze the meaning and origin of intelligence, and he defined intelligence as the totality of behavioral coordinations that characterize behavior at a certain stage of development. For Piaget, intelligence was the behavioral analogue of a biological organ which

Asian Inventors

Asian Inventors Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, held each year during the month of May, celebrates Asian Pacific American cultures and heritage and recognizes the many contributions Asian Pacific Americans have made to this nation. An Wang An Wang (1920-1990), a Chinese-born American computer scientist, is best known for founding Wang Laboratories and holding over thirty-five patents including patent #2,708,722 for a magnetic pulse transfer controlling device which related to computer memory and was crucial to the development of digital information technology. Wang Laboratories was founded in 1951 and by 1989 employed 30,000 people and had $3 billion a year in sales, with such developments as desktop calculators and the first word processors. An Wang was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1988. Enrique Ostrea Doctor Enrique Ostrea received patent #5,015,589 and patent #5,185,267 for methods of testing infants for exposure to drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. Enrique Ostrea was born in the Philippines and immigrated to America in 1968. Ostrea continues to be honored for his contributions to pediatrics and neonatology. Tuan Vo-Dinh Tuan Vo-Dinh, who immigrated to the United States in 1975 from Vietnam, has received twenty-three patents mainly related to optical diagnostic equipment, including his first patents (#4,674,878 and #4,680,165) for badges that can be optically scanned to determine exposure to toxic chemicals. Vo-Dinh utilizes similar technology in patent #5,579,773 which is an optical method of cancer detection. Flossie Wong-Staal Flossie Wong-Staal, a Chinese-American scientist, is a leader in AIDS research. Working with a team that included Dr. Robert C. Gallo, she helped to discover the virus that causes AIDS and a related virus that causes cancer. She also did the first mapping of HIVs genes. Wong-Staal continues to work on a vaccine to prevent AIDS and treatments for those with AIDS. Her patents, which were granted with co-inventors, include patent #6,077,935 for a method of testing for AIDS.

Food Deserts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food Deserts - Essay Example For any starter in this industry, the secret is to run countless number of ads that will ultimately make the business known. Gray backs this assertion by explicitly giving a scenario of one store that trades in the sale of meat. It emerges that the business makes huge sales irrespective of the health concerns linked to the desert foods. Thus, the article offers an insight into the rising cases of obesity and other problems attributable to unhealthy diet. In the article â€Å"Food Deserts Leave Many Americans High and Dry†, John Matson gives a vivid illustration of the correlation between consumption of food deserts and health problems. He states that places where fresh foods often lack have high health problems (Matson, 2015). Therefore, the idea conveyed is that consumption of fresh foods connects with health promotion. It is surprising to find that regions that have little fresh foods will often have most of its stores and other outlets full of fast foods (Matson, 2015). Matson posits that the ongoing extensive scientific based research is necessary to establish such a correlation. Consumption of deserts foods also links to the household income, as well as the access to the road. Using the map, the nearest food desert in Liberty County, GA is in

History of America since 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

History of America since 1877 - Essay Example During that period politically, the nation was mostly dominated by Republicans. In around 1900, there was an era which came up known as the Progressive Era. This era brought political and social reforms, such as better and improved education and a higher state of recognition for women, and modernization of many areas of government as well as society (Capozzoli, 45). During this period, around 1877 and 1900, there was a great battle against corruption which was put up and it actually worked to the reduction of corruption. There was an unprecedented wave of European immigration and these immigrants provided the labor; hence the expansion of industry and agriculture and also increased population leading to fast-growing urban America. In around 1898, there were two important wars where the US fought against and defeated Spain, which resulted in Cuba gaining independence and eventually also the Philippines in 1946 (Capozzoli, 75). America tried and failed to negotiate a section of settlement for  WW1 then entered the war to oppose German militarism. The U.S. got victorious due to its financial, agricultural, industrial as well as its military strength.

Noscomial Urinary Tract Infection Research Paper - 2

Noscomial Urinary Tract Infection - Research Paper Example The danger of the situation is that with the repeated emptying of the urinary bag and handling of the catheters, there is risk of a rise of the infection causing microorganisms from the environments, beddings and contaminated hands of the patient or the caregiver (Temiz et al., 2012). Besides the indwelling catheter, however, nosocomial urinary tract infections can result from contaminated beddings that cause direct entry of microorganisms, and inappropriate insertion of contaminated hands as in vaginal examination (Nakamura & Tompkins, 2012). Nosocomial urinary tract infection has direct effects on the health of the patient as well as on the healthcare provision process. First, acquiring an infection during treatment is emotionally stressing to the patient. This is because an extended hospitalization time implies that the patient spends more time and money on medication and care. Secondly, the reputation of the hospital can be risked by cases of nosocomial infections (HÃ ¤lleb erg Nyman et al., 2011). This is because acquiring an infection in the course of treatment amounts to negligence and a breach of the code of ethics. The implication of this to the involved nurses can be sued for failure to ensure non-maleficence on the side of the patient. Besides, the extended hospitalization increases the risk for further infections and increased workload for the nurses and other healthcare professionals. Solving the problem has therefore become a serious focus in healthcare research and the search for answers. Different measures have been studies, among them are the reduction of catheterization time and the use of bladder scanner (Nakamura & Tompkins, 2012). As I dwell and ponder upon many topics of interest to me in the health care setting, one that stands out beyond most is nosocomial urinary tract infection. In the hospital setting, the reason for seeking treatment for every patient is recovery.

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases Regina Marin Gas is called the state of matter in which, under certain conditions of temperature and pressure, its molecules cross-react only weakly with each other without forming molecular bonds, taking the shape and volume of their container and tending to separate , and expand, their best for their high kinetic energy. Gases are highly compressible fluids that experience large changes in density with temperature and pressure. Molecules constituting a gas almost are not attracted by each other, so that they move in space at high speed and quite separated from each other, thus explaining the properties: The gas molecules are virtually free, so that they are able to be distributed throughout the space in which they are contained. The gravitational attraction and forces between molecules are negligible compared to the rate at which the molecules are moving. Gases completely occupy the volume of their container. Gases have no definite shape, embracing the vessels containing them. Can easily be compressed, because there are large gaps between molecules, and other. At ambient temperature and pressure gases can be elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine and noble gases, compounds such as carbon dioxide or propane, or mixtures like air. For the thermal behavior of particles of matter there are four measurable quantities that are of great interest: pressure, volume, temperature and mass of the sample material (or better amount of substance, measured in moles). Any gas is considered a fluid because it has properties that allow it to behave as such. Its molecules in constant motion, colliding elastically with each other and against the walls of the vessel containing the gas, against which exert a constant pressure. If the gas is heated, the heat energy is spent on kinetic energy of the molecules, that is, the molecules move more quickly, so that the number of collisions with the walls of the vessel increases in number and energy. As a consequence the gas pressure increases, and if the container walls are not rigid, gas volume increases. A gas tends to be chemically active because its molecular surface is also large, that is, to be its particles in continuous motion colliding with each other, this makes it easier the contact between a substance and another, increasing the rate of reaction in compared to liquid or solid. To better understand the behavior of a gas, where studies are conducted with respect to the ideal gas, although it never actually exists and its properties are: A pure gaseous substance consists of molecules of the same size and mass. A gaseous mixture is formed by different molecules in size and mass. Due to the large distance between molecules and other and that move at high speed, the forces of attraction between the molecules are considered negligible. The size of the gas molecules is very small, so that the volume occupied by the molecules is negligible compared with the total volume of the container. The density of a gas is very low. The gas molecules are in constant motion at high speed, so continuously collide elastically with each other and against the walls of their container. As part of the kinetic theory, the gas pressure is explained as the macroscopic result of the forces involved by collisions of gas molecules with the walls of the container. The pressure can thus be defined with reference to the microscopic properties of the gas. The kinetic theory of gases is a physical and chemical theory that explains the behavior and macroscopic properties of gases (ideal gas law), from a statistical description of the microscopic molecular processes. The kinetic theory was developed based on studies of physical and Daniel Bernoulli in the eighteenth century, Ludwig Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell in the late nineteenth century. This branch describes the thermal physical properties of the gases. These systems contain huge numbers of atoms or molecules, and the only reasonable way to understand the thermal properties based on molecular mechanics, we find certain dynamical quantities of average type and relate the observed physical properties of the system with t hese properties averaged molecular dynamics . Techniques to relate the overall macroscopic behavior of material systems with the average behavior of their molecular components are statistical mechanics. The main theorems of the kinetic theory are: The number of molecules is large and the average separation between them is large compared with their dimensions. Therefore occupy an insignificant volume when compared to the volume of the container and are considered point masses. The molecules obey Newton's laws, but individually they move randomly, each with different rates, but with an average speed that does not change with time. The molecules perform elastic collisions with each other, therefore both the linear momentum is conserved as the kinetic energy of the molecules. The gas is considered pure, in other words all molecules are identical. The gas is in thermal equilibrium with the walls of the container. As part of the kinetic theory of a gas pressure is explained as the macroscopic result of the forces involved by collisions of gas molecules with the walls of the container. The pressure can thus be defined with reference to the microscopic properties of the gas. It is generally believed that there is more pressure if the particles are in the solid state, if they are in liquid state is minimal distance between them and finally if you are in the gaseous state are far apart. Indeed, for an ideal gas with N molecules , each moving mass m with a random speed average content in a cubic volume V of the gas particles impacting with the wall of the container in a manner that can be calculated in a statistical manner exchanging momentum with the walls in each shock and effecting a net force per unit area that is the pressure exerted by the gas on the solid surface. The pressure can be calculated with this formula: The equation above states that the gas pressure is directly dependent on the molecular kinetic energy. The ideal gas law allows us to ensure that the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature. These two statements allow one of the most important statements of the kinetic theory: The average molecular energy is proportional to temperature. The proportional constant is 3/2 is the Boltzmann constant, which in turn is the ratio of the gas constant R between the Avogadro number. So in a few words, the kinetic theory is a physical theory, based on a few facts: The density of the gas is very small. Individually molecules move randomly and at different speeds, which increases or decreases while the temperature and the movement causes them from hitting each other, increasing the pressure when striking more times. The cohesive forces or intermolecular forces in gases are almost nil. If all of the molecules forming the gas are identical, is said to be a pure gas. Bibliography: http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/kineticmoleculartheory/basicconcepts.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/gases/kinetic/summary.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/kinthe.html

Carnivore: Chewing Through Our Right to Privacy :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Carnivore: Chewing Through Our Right to Privacy The debate around Carnivore is not really about Carnivore itself. It is more of a debate of whether or not Carnivore oversteps current privacy laws and the Fourth Amendment. Carnivore is a software program that enables the FBI to filter and collect email on a subject of a court order to be used as evidence. The issue around Carnivore started when the ACLU and other such groups demanded a review of the system in 2000. Since then, there has been a Congressional review of Carnivore. The FBI believes that Carnivore is well within the bounds of the law and that such a system is necessary to fight crime on the Internet. Advocates of privacy such as the ACLU believe that Carnivore violates Fourth Amendment rights and that the FBI cannot be trusted not to abuse Carnivore. In return, the FBI believes that the public should trust the FBI with electronic surveillance. Basically, the debate around Carnivore is the FBI versus everyone else. Both sides of the Carnivore debate use mainly argument of definition to present their points. Since the integrity of the FBI has been called into question, the FBI’s argument for the use and need of Carnivore consists mainly of logos and ethos. Ethos is also used in order to build an image that the public can trust. Those who are against Carnivore use mainly pathos in their arguments to point out that Carnivore is a threat to personal privacy and that the FBI cannot be trusted. The FBI’s position on Carnivore is outlined in Donald M. Kerr’s congressional statement made before a Senate committee that was reviewing the FBI’s Carnivore system. As the Assistant Director of the Laboratory Division for the FBI, Kerr has extensive knowledge of the workings and capabilities of the Carnivore system. In his statement, Kerr makes five points ranging from what Carnivore is to why the public should trust the FBI with Carnivore. Kerr explains that because terrorists, spies, hackers, and criminals used computers and the Internet, the FBI needs a tool like Carnivore to counter them. Another reason the FBI feels that they need Carnivore is to combat information warfare, fraud, and the spread of child pornography on the Internet. Logos in the form of statistics and examples is used to show that there has been an increased use of the Internet for criminal activity. Carnivore: Chewing Through Our Right to Privacy :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays Carnivore: Chewing Through Our Right to Privacy The debate around Carnivore is not really about Carnivore itself. It is more of a debate of whether or not Carnivore oversteps current privacy laws and the Fourth Amendment. Carnivore is a software program that enables the FBI to filter and collect email on a subject of a court order to be used as evidence. The issue around Carnivore started when the ACLU and other such groups demanded a review of the system in 2000. Since then, there has been a Congressional review of Carnivore. The FBI believes that Carnivore is well within the bounds of the law and that such a system is necessary to fight crime on the Internet. Advocates of privacy such as the ACLU believe that Carnivore violates Fourth Amendment rights and that the FBI cannot be trusted not to abuse Carnivore. In return, the FBI believes that the public should trust the FBI with electronic surveillance. Basically, the debate around Carnivore is the FBI versus everyone else. Both sides of the Carnivore debate use mainly argument of definition to present their points. Since the integrity of the FBI has been called into question, the FBI’s argument for the use and need of Carnivore consists mainly of logos and ethos. Ethos is also used in order to build an image that the public can trust. Those who are against Carnivore use mainly pathos in their arguments to point out that Carnivore is a threat to personal privacy and that the FBI cannot be trusted. The FBI’s position on Carnivore is outlined in Donald M. Kerr’s congressional statement made before a Senate committee that was reviewing the FBI’s Carnivore system. As the Assistant Director of the Laboratory Division for the FBI, Kerr has extensive knowledge of the workings and capabilities of the Carnivore system. In his statement, Kerr makes five points ranging from what Carnivore is to why the public should trust the FBI with Carnivore. Kerr explains that because terrorists, spies, hackers, and criminals used computers and the Internet, the FBI needs a tool like Carnivore to counter them. Another reason the FBI feels that they need Carnivore is to combat information warfare, fraud, and the spread of child pornography on the Internet. Logos in the form of statistics and examples is used to show that there has been an increased use of the Internet for criminal activity.

The Little Prince Essay

Lee Hyeon Ju Ms. Sarah Jane ELSEO November 23, 2012 The little prince The little prince has symbolism, it reminds people about meaning of life. Anthoine de Saint Exupery uses symbolism to teach the reader. Firstly, the king symbolizes how power is useless. The fox symbolizes love and the desert flower is meaning of religion. Antoine de saint Exupery uses symbolism to teach the reader meaning of life. He uses the king to represent about power is useless, the fox to teach love and the lower to symbolize religion. The king symblizes how power is useless.The first reason why power is useless for the king is because he lives alone on a planet. Even when the king tires to control the sunset the little prince realizes he can not control it. In order for someone to have power they must have subjects who listen to them. therefore power is useless because no one is under his control unless they decide to be. The fox symbolizes love. The first reason why the fox symbolizes love is because he le t little prince knows how to tame each other. The little prince knows how interaction is important in a elationship. The fox taught him to know invisible things more important than visible in our eyes. â€Å"What is essential is invisible to the eye. † Because the fox and, little prince could remember when they see same colour of them they can reminds each other. The desert flower symbolizes religion. The first reason why the desert flower symbolizes love is because the flower roots meaning of belief . Belief is makes people strong their mind it is not invisible to outside, but it effected so much just like plant’s roots.Also, the desert meaning of the hard life. †but never knows where to find them. The wind blows them away. † The flower had once seen a caravan passing ,the seven men blowed away because they did not have roots like a flower. In conclusion, the little prince make people know about meaning of life. First, the king teach people about useless o f power and the fox teach love, and desert flower is symbolizes of religion. Many people would know how meaningful to read this book because they find important lesson from it.

Chinese Art History essays

Chinese Art History essays In Wu Hungs discussion of traditional Chinese concepts of monumentality, he utilizes the ancient legend of the Nine Bronze Tripods to illustrate how the traditions (including ancestral temple and ritual vessels, capital city and palaces, and tomb and funerary paraphernalia) of early Chinese cultures can be better understood after identifying their monumentality. According to the myth, in 605 B.C., a Chu lord lead a campaign near the Zhou capital at Luoyang where he was greeted by the minister Wangsun Man. After the lord inquired about the size and weight of the Nine Tripods, Wagsun Man answered with a passage stating the three distinct intentions of the tripods which forms the basis of ritual art Foremost, the Nine Tripods were made to honor important political events, notably the establishment of the Xia after which an organized power became evident. The Tripods also justified this event since they were constructed from bronze sent by the Xia allies and bore inscriptions of their things, confirming their entrance into the centralized political power. This allowed people to discern divine from evil, the former being the Xia alliance while the latter represented the Xia enemies whose things were missing from the Tripods. Subsequently, the Nine Tripods became a symbol of Power - whomever was in possession of the Tripods held political power as well. With the ...

Microscope history essays

Microscope history essays The microscope has become one of the most recognizable symbols of science. This picture is of the "Lanyard Lens" discovered at Nimrod by Lanyard, and datable all the way back to 721-705 BC. With the lenses of spectacles widespread, and their obvious magnification properties, it was only a matter of time before someone put two together to make the first compound microscope. Indeed, this was probably already happening with telescopes just before this as Dutch Spectacle makers were experimenting with multiple lenses. Since a microscope could be made by just reversing a telescope, this may be where the idea originated. There is a terrific amount of mis-information about who invented the microscope. Fairly respectable references have said Galileo invented it shortly after inventing the telescope. This is not so, as Galileo didn't purchase his first telescope until around 1607. Many people think that Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope. This is also very untrue, as while his microscopes were very simple and crude, he started making them long after very elaborate models were available and they had made many important discoveries. With the lenses of spectacles widespread, an d their obvious magnification properties, it was only a matter of time before someone put two together to make the first compound microscope. Indeed, this was probably already happening with telescopes just before this as Dutch Spectacle makers were experimenting with multiple lenses. Since a microscope could be made by just reversing a telescope, this may be where the idea originated. There is a terrific amount of mis-information about who invented the microscope. Fairly respectable references have said Galileo invented it shortly after inventing the telescope. This is not so, as Galileo didn't purchase his first telescope until around 1607. Many people think that Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope. This is also very untrue, as while his microscopes were ver...

Social Security College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Social Security College - Essay Example Economic Security in America, para. 2). One of the first Americans to propose a system of economic security for U.S citizens was Thomas Payne in his 1795 writing titled "Agrarian Justice". It provided sums for citizens reaching the age of 21 and then a yearly payment to those reaching 50. Payne's idea was to pay for it by means of a property inheritance tax. In 1862, a Civil War pension program was enacted. "Following the Civil War, there were hundreds of thousands of widows and orphans, and hundreds of thousands of disabled veterans. In fact, immediately following the Civil War a much higher proportion of the population was disabled or survivors of deceased breadwinners than at any time in America's history. This led to the development of a generous pension program, with interesting similarities to later developments in Social Security" (DeWitt, sect. Civil War Pensions, para. 1). The program evolved, starting with benefits only to those disabled in combat or to their surviving families. As time passed, veterans disabled for any reason could receive payments. After that, aged veterans were added. Later, disability and old age benefits were extended to include family members. Former Confederate soldiers were not allowed any benefits. The last payments to surviving widows of Civil War veterans were made in 1999. With the advent of the Industrial Age a... State Old-Age Pensions, para.1). Prior to the passage of the original Social Security Act in 1935, thirty states had adopted some form of old-age pension plan. Only about 3% of the elderly were actually collecting benefits under the state plans. There was lack of implementation of the laws. The plans allowed insufficient funds. The elderly faced restrictive plan entry rules. The receipt of benefits was stigmatized as "welfare". Throughout the early 1930's and spurred by the Great Depression, movements arose that advocated a federal old-age pension system. Huey Long, Governor of Louisiana, proposed the "Share Our Wealth" plan in which the rich would pay for the poor and the aged. Francis Townsend devised the "Townsend Old-Age Revolving Pension Plan". It proposed that all upstanding citizens over 60 receive a monthly benefit that must be spent within the U.S. and within 30 days. There were numerous plans proposed from every direction during those years, some of them of questionable economic merit like Robert Noble's "Ham & Eggs" plan. It suggested that states should issue a currency to be called "scrip" to the unemployed and aged. The validity of the currency and by what economic backing it would be issued were very hazy indeed. Still, it was part of the social movement demanding the creation of a form of economic security for the masses. Most of the plans had benefits that were based on economic need. When Franklin Roosevelt became President in 1932, he changed the face of the economic security discussion from welfare to social insurance. He proposed "a work-related, contributory system in which workers would provide for their own future economic security through taxes paid while

What is happening with modern day China and its environmental issues Essay

What is happening with modern day China and its environmental issues - Essay Example Because of severe contamination of water, air pollution, and land degradation problems, life expectancy in the North of the country has decreased by 5.5 years (Dong, Liu, and Klein 164). Environmental degradation cost China about nine percent of its gross national income yearly. These threaten to undermine the growth of the country and exhaust society’s patience with China Government’s pace of reform. Further, this has threatened the Country’s stability, as the ruling party has to deal with increased public discontent and media scrutiny. The energy consumption of China has increased, reaching one hundred and thirty from 2000 to 2010. In 2013, Beijing witnessed a prolonged severe session of smog that the citizens dubbed it as â€Å"airpocalypse†; the hazardous particles concentration was forty times the level considered safe by the World Health Organization. Later in 2013, visibility in the Northern City of Harbin was shrank by pollution to less than fifty meters (Dong, Liu, and Klein 163). Research reveals that less than one percent of China’s five hundred cities sustain the World Health Organization’s air quality standards. In the degradation of the quality of air, coal has been the chief culprit. China is the greatest producer of coal in the world, and it accounts for approximately half of the global consumption. Equally, coal is also the chief source of the country’s sulfur dioxide accounting for ninety percent of the country’s total sulfur dioxide emissions and half of its particulate emissions. In China, coal is mostly burned in the North part of the country, and it avails approximately seventy percent of the country’s energy needs. Nevertheless, in 2011, coal emission levels from coal plants single-handedly contributed to almost two hundred and fifty thousand premature deaths. Similarly, air pollution in China is compounded by the country’s shocking urbanization pace. China’s government plans to move seventy; to seventy-five percent of

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Drama - Essay Example Amanda decides marriage is the only answer for Laura and forces Tom to find a beau for his sister. Unfortunately, the one he finds, while perfectly acceptable to both Laura and Amanda, is already engaged. This leaves Laura with a broken heart, symbolized by the broken unicorn Laura encourages him to keep as a souvenir. The play is a tragedy because Amanda, having had the opportunity to learn from her past, continues to live in a dream-world of her own creation, effectively crushing her children’s chances to create their own dreams. Amanda reveals her dreams in her expectations for her children. She continues to hold out hopes for a good marriage for her daughter in spite of her extreme shyness and poverty. This starts with her own recitation of the quality of her suitors, â€Å"My callers were gentlemen – all! Among my callers were some of the most prominent young planters of the Mississippi Delta – planters and sons of planters† (I, 148). Her expectations for her son are that he become like one of these old suitors in spite of his own youth and lack of education or social advancement. These expectations reveal that â€Å"Amanda lives in the past and imposes unrealistic rules of conduct upon her children† (Popkin, 1960, p. 46). Immediately upon Tom telling her that he has a friend coming over for dinner, Amanda already considers him her daughter’s future husband. Tom tries to reign her in by stating â€Å"Lots of fellows meet girls whom they don’t marry† (V, 184 ), but Amanda just tells him to â€Å"talk sensibly.† This emphasizes Amanda’s tendency to crush the realities of their situation and the ideas of her children beneath her own dreams and memories. Richard Vowles (1958) describes the play’s dreamlike qualities as another element intended to point out this oppression: â€Å"One scene dissolves into another. There is, indeed, almost a submarine quality about the play, the kind of poetic slow motion that

Health Promotion Essay Example for Free

Health Promotion Essay Throughout history public health effort has been directed to the control of transmissible diseases, reduction of environmental hazards, and provision of safe drinking water. The Greeks believed that ill health developed from an imbalance between man and his environment, not unlike contemporary public health theories of multifactorial disease causations, in which environment plays a prominent role (pg 5). In the middle ages (AD 500-1500), epidemics of infectious disease spurred collective activities by communities to promote the public’s health, presaging the later formation of boards of health and public health departments In the 1800s. Medieval cities were run by councils who supervised disease prevention, sanitation, and protection of community health. The first public health revolution was the struggle against infectious disease in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which involved sanitation and immunization. The second revolution was spurred by the prevalence of chronic disease, including heart disease and cancer. In 1979 Healthy People marked a turning point in the approach and strategy for public health in the US. Americans adopted simple measures to enhance health including: Eliminating cigarette smoking, reduction of alcohol misuse, moderate dietary changes to reduce the intake of excess calories, fat, salt, and sugar. Other ways to enhance health include moderate exercise, periodic screenings such as high blood pressure and certain cancers. Healthy people recognized that in the past, individuals did not have complete control or responsibility over their health status in part because of socioeconomic and environmental determinants (pg 29). The differences between historical and contemporary health promotion is that they were both based from different time periods, where back then there preventions were based off the knowledge they had. In the present times we have gained and learned so much more especially from our history, that we now have better advanced ways to promote health with preventative measures learned and understood through findings and experience. The differences developed in order to continue with the promotion of health in a better advanced way, which will better the future for generations to come.

Is Psychology Reductionist and Is This a Bad Thing?

Is Psychology Reductionist and Is This a Bad Thing? Reductionism can be defined as a theory that reduces every complicated phenomena into a number of simple psychological components or principles and then identifies or explains these phenomena merely in terms of those fundamental parts (Sloane, 1945; Peele, 1981; Ausubel, 1982; Barendregt Rappard, 2004; Vul, 2011). For instance, in psychological studies reductionism tend to oversimplify all cognitive processes, human behaviour or social activity into more basic component, and so disregard the complexities of human mind. The reductionist approach has led to several vital discoveries in scientific studies as they compromise simpler explanation for a complicated phenomenon and, the effects of one variable can be solely isolated and tested, in order to discover causal relationships. For example, in order to develop an understanding of stress the nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system needs to be studied (Minton, 1994). Rose (1997, as cited in Nagel, 1998) introduced few types of reductionism; philosophical reductionism, which implies that if all science is unitary psychology should easily merge into other sciences, thencomplex psychological behaviour needs to be broken down to physical laws (Jessor, 1958). Methodological reductionism; for instance, in order to find out about the nature of memory and specifically deduce something related to the structure of long-term memory, (Hulme, Maughan Brown, 1991) conducted a study based in a laboratory, giving participants a list of familiar and unfamiliar words to remember.Based on the findings a generalisation of how human long-term memory functions may be made. However, these kinds of researches in psychology are at the reductionist level. Currently the type of reductionism that is of most interest in psychology claims that all behaviours should be reducible to biology (Oppenheim Putnam, 1958; Peele, 1981), meaning that most mental phenomena (consciousness) are equated with biological phenomena. In this essay the idea of reductionism will be analysed through psychological research and a conclusion can then be made based upon evidence to decide whether psychology is a reductionist or not. Reductionism tends to be applicable when explaining behaviour in basic terms, with the more focused sciences at the top and general sciences at the bottom. Behaviours can be explained at different levels, ranging from molecular (physics), followed by the intracellular (biochemistry) then parts of individual’s (physiology), people’s behaviour (psychology) and finally the behaviour of groups (sociology).For instance, mental disorders may be explained by neurotransmitters (physiology) or in terms of the mind (unconsciousness) and in terms of social systems (dysfunctional family). However, when explaining behaviour all level of explanations needs to be taken into account. For example, by taking physiological explanation into account schizophrenia is caused by excess levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine located in the brain (Howes Kapur, 2009; Jentsch, Robert Roth, 1991). The evidence for the involvement of dopamine comes from drugs, such as amphetamines (when taken by people without psychiatric disorder) cause behaviour that resembles the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (Angrist, Rotrosen Gershon, 1980). The drug has the effect of increasing dopamine levels in the brain. However, one problem with this dopamine hypothesis is that not every patient with schizophrenia who takes drugs to reduce dopamine levels has their symptoms reduced, and also everyone who takes drugs that increases levels of dopamine may not show the symptoms. This clearly shows that individual differences are difficult to explain by reductionists, mainly because despite being in its smallest constituent, behaviour is oversimplified. This suggests that dopamine cannot be the only explanation, as every human being is uniqueand therefore all respond differently. So, reductionist explanation is limiting, because the same symptoms or behaviour in two persons may be caused by different factors, such as environmental or biological factors (Walker Diforio, 1997). However, The best solution is probably the diathesis stress model, which combines all approaches together. The diathesis-stress model indicates that physiological explanations tend to offer a predisposition to mental illnesses. Also, an alternative explanation is that a stressful life event causes the onset of mental disorders (Walker Diforio, 1997; Eberhart, Auerbach, Bigda-Peyton Abela, 2011). The individual may have a predisposition to the disorder but only people who experience stressors will develop the disorder. The diathesis stress model can be applied to the cognitive and biological explanation, suggesting that people may have vulnerability for mental illness but the disorder only manifests itself when triggered by life events or when a person misinterprets other people’s behaviour. Although physiological explanation can be seen as reductionist and simplistic, they do offer explanations of mental disorders behaviour. Understanding what is going on in abnormal behaviour by relating it to healthy behavioural processes is undeniably reductionist, but sometimes reductionism helps psychology to devise treatment strategies for mental illnesses. They are not intended to provide exhaustive explanations for why these symptoms exist. They do however; offer some kind of insight into what it might feel like to experience such disorders. For instance, offering anti-depressants to treat patients suffering from depression may seem like an optimum solution but the underlying cause may be disregarded, such as unconscious mental process or personal experience. However, physiological reductionism attempts to consider a more humane tactic to treat certain mental illness, as the individual with mental illness are not to be blamed and the patients have essentially no control or choic e in the matter. Nevertheless, most of these theories are merely reductionist-oriented explanation. In addition, there is some evidence proposing that mental disorders are inherited or at least there is a significant genetic component (Petronis, 2004). Family, twin and adaption studies have been used to investigate this genetic explanation. If the cause of mental disorders were entirely genetic, then the concordance rate between MZ twins would be 100% (Evans Martin, 2008). However, Evans Martin (2008) research have notfound100% concordance so it clearly shows that other factors must be involved in the onset of certain disorders. It is impossible to isolate the effects of genes (nature) from nurture (shared environment) when studying behaviour. Therefore, studies that indicate the concordance rates for disorders must be treated with caution, to avoid impractical cause and effect links. Furthermore, Bandura (1965) claimed that social learning has an influential role on children’s aggressive behaviour. However, biological explanations of aggression have stressed factors that have nothing to do with social learning butmore to do with biological influences, such as the role of hormonal mechanisms. For example, high levels of testosterone have shown to be associatedwith aggressive behaviour (Archer, 1991). These findings emphasise that aggressive behaviour cannot be purely base on a learned behaviour. Also, this explanation neglects to take into account various approaches to explain certain behaviour and therefore being a reductionist.Additionally, there are significant methodological problems in these experimental researches, as research usually does not equate to real world, which could then lead to falsification of the findings. Also, using the social learning theory (Bandura, 1965) to isolatecertain behaviour into various chunks may not provide a full underst anding of how behaviour functions as a whole. This suggests that reductionism may be appropriate for simpler systems rather than a complex human behaviour. However, Morley and Hall (2003) argue that genetic vulnerability associated with anti-social behaviour only inadequately predict an increased risk of aggressive behaviour in an individual than the general population.Other factors (such as environmental influences) determine whether aggressive behaviour is displayed in a particular situation. Similarly, (Hines and Malley-Morrison, 2005)claim that some people are more likely to commit anti-social behaviour as a result of their genotype. Alternatively, suggesting that genetic influences are probabilistic rather than reductionist. Twin researchers also assume that MZ and DZ twins raised in the same environment experience the same experience with their co-twin, therefore any greater similarity between MZ twins must be due to the greater genetic similarity. However, Evans and Martin (2003) suggest that parents, teachers and peers treat MZ twins more similarity than DZ twins; therefore greater similarity in terms of aggressive behaviour may also be due to the greater similarity of their experiences. In this respect, various approaches needs to be considered to explain behaviour, as using simple explanations may be inappropriate. Having said that reductionism can be appropriate for some levels of explanation, it makes more sense to use cellular biology to explain living cells, rather than psychology.But if all animals and humans are made of atoms, then their behaviours can be reduced to a physical level. Researches believe that the two types of units including the physical brain and physical mind interact with each other (Pandya, 2011). Also suggesting that the mind can have an influence on physiology. For example, Martin, Martin, Rai, Richardson and Royall (2001) found that same level of serotonin was altered in the brain of depressed patients who received psychotherapy and those who received drug as a treatment. On the other hand the multi-store model (MSM), which was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) uses mechanistic, computer analogies to explain cognitive processes such as attention, memory and problem solving. This model is using reductionism to explain how memory functions, as the brain is equated with acomputer system. This model plays a restricted role in understanding evolution or memory, as it describes memory at a reductionist-level. Also, research associated with memory often involves memorising a list of nonsense words to measure the capacity or the duration of long-term and short-term memory, and the findings often offer an erroneous explanation of memory in general (Hulme Maughan Brown, 1991).Researches have found limited evidence for long-term memory. The finding to such studies should not be generalised, as the key variable is oversimplified.However, some research have found evidence for long-term memory, Bahrick, Bahrick and Wittlinger (1975) investigated recall of high school yearbooks photos to find out the duration of long term memory, they found 90% accuracy of long term memory, mainly because the information was meaningful to the participants. In addition, reductionism overlooked the notion of emotion, mostly because it is difficult to determinehow someone is feelingbylooking at neurotransmitters located in the brain. Nevertheless, studies have found that certain hormones such as noradrenalineleads to better memory performance in an individual (Stegeren, 2008). This yield to the conclusion that perhaps there may be an association between biology and behaviour (emotion). However, while it is possibleto observe how human brain responds to certain sounds by looking into a scanner, the scanner cannot reveal how the person feels when they hear a particular sound. For instance, (Schmidt and Trainor, 2001) found that certain section of the brain associated with happiness is stimulated while listening to a particular sound, however this does not mean that the person is happy. In this respect, using reductionism may not be an unacceptable way of assessing feelings. There are many arguments against the idea of reductionism in psychological studies. A prime example of these disagreements involves the discussions of nature versus nurture that whether environmental factors have any involvement in shaping behaviour. Ecological influences can shape behaviour throughout the lifespan even if that person was born with certain genes associated with mental disorders; environmental factors such as family and society play a major role in shaping any further behaviour. The diathesis stress models places an importance on the interaction between the person and their environment, suggesting the biological predisposition to any mental disorders is dormant until stress in the environment makes it active. The diathesis stress model brings together unrelated causal factors into a unified model. The flexibility of the model is that individual differences can account for various contributing factors of mental illnesses (Patten, 2013; Sloane, 1945). This means that the model can explain most instances of mental disorders. The source of stress could be genetic, or perhaps disrupted and inconsistent parenting and communication within family. All the factors above have been suggested as having a causal role in the development of mental disorders, although none of them alone is sufficient to cause the disorder. For example, it seems as though schizophrenia is a complex disorder reflecting problems with genetics and birth, as well as with more general problems living in a busy society. However, such factors do feed into the diathesis stress model described. Alongside with the biological explanation schizophrenia should also be treated at the level of experience. However, further research is sorely needed in the area of reductionism in psychology, as most of these explanations are inconsistentbecause in psychology human behaviour cannot be explained entirely in terms of one single factor, such as physiology, genetic, culture, ethnicity or cultural factors. Therefore, the all these factors should not be disregarded as most people suffering from mental illness may have distinct personality traits, specific genotype or abnormal brain structure, which makes them more vulnerable to develop certain type of mental disorder.Furthermore, reductionist theory fails to explain realism in psychology, as it only view a series of components rather than the whole, which can lead to inadequate explanations of the reality. Perhaps acknowledging all phases of explanations such as physiological, ecological or emotional could lead to a better understanding of the reality.Finally, the reductionist approach has been criticised by many, nonetheless the fact that stu dying the brain allows a deeper understanding to the cause of most behaviour cannot be ignored. Word count: 2200

Achieving the American Dream :: Essays on the American Dream

From the nineteenth century to the present, the United States has been hailed as a â€Å"land of opportunity† where individuals could achieve personal, political, religious, and economic freedoms. The image of the â€Å"land of opportunity† was true to different degrees for the African-American sharecropper in the postwar South, the immigrant at Ellis Island, and the wealthy capitalist or manager in the period from eighteen-sixty five to nineteen-fourteen with the African-American being at the low end of the rung and the capitalist being at the top.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The newly freed African-American in the postwar South had the hardest time achieving freedoms due to white men considering them as inferior. As on southerner of the time said, the â€Å"ex-slave was not a free man; he was a free Negro† . This is best exemplified in the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws of the time. If we look at the African-American of the time and compare them to the rest of the citizens of United States then they were seriously lacking in the basic freedoms granted to American Citizens. However, if we take a different approach and compare them to what they were only decades earlier, then we see that they had gained many freedoms which they formerly did not have which Reverend E.P. Holmes, a black Georgia preacher best stated when he said â€Å"Most anyone ought to know that a man is better off free than as a slave, even if he did not have anything, I would rather be free and have my liberty† .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  African-Americans established their own churches, schools, social clubs, and even businesses which provided services such as insurance, banking, hair cutting, and funerals to the black community. With the help of the federal government they took great steps in gaining more freedoms. The Freedmen’s Bureau was the first step congress took to aid the newly freed slaves. The Freedmen’s Bureau’s main purpose was to help negotiate labor contracts, provide medical care, and help set up schools for the freedmen. The second step congress took was in passing the Civil Rights act of 1866 which states that â€Å"all persons born in the United States†¦ excluding non-taxed Indians, were citizens entitled to full and equal benefits of all laws† . Two years later, congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment which reaffirmed citizenship for all persons- regardless of race-born or naturalized in the United States and forbade any state from abridging th e privileges and immunities of citizens; to deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; or to deny any person equal protection of the laws.

Enlightenment/Romanticism Essay

The age of man is rife with varying motivations and personal reasoning. Over millions of years, life shifted from mere survival, with our minds drawn to food and shelter, into times of political intrigue and welfare reform. Buried in the layers, the Age of Enlightenment and the (difficult to define) Age of Romanticism are found. Within these two periods are some of our history’s most profound shifts in thinking. The Age of Enlightenment brought scientific reasoning to the forefront of everything. Life was distinct, understandable and predictable. Man contemplated his purpose empirically, studied methodically to come to a true conclusion. According to Anne Branham, the enlightenment allowed our founding fathers to question man’s natural rights in the world of the living. She uses Benjamin Franklin as the incomplete figure of true enlightenment. The one man who had his hands into all things scientific and technological fought actively for the â€Å"earthly rather than heavenly rewards† (55). Our most important living document, the American Constitution, finds its epicenter in the freedom to choose our own representation after careful contemplation and consensus-driven selection (59). Paintings reflected life as a physical entity. Portraits of people became the chosen artwork of the day, a marking of life in that moment. American History portraits painted by John Trumbull show the events in a concise manner, the emotions of the people stern and musing. Other artists, to include Anton Van Maron and Antonio Visentini, of this period (late Enlightenment) follow this same theme of capture rather than sensitize (GroveArt Online). Writers such as Locke, Paine, and Smith questioned preconceived beliefs, broke them down in their parts, studied them empirically, then transformed them into new ideals and theories; changing the way things were done for centuries. Their articulations of thought changed the way business and politics were conducted, a system we still hold to today. Burnham suggested when we take a good look at these writers (Locke in particular) we can see the seed of transformation that inspired Thomas Jefferson (58). The line between the Enlightenment and Romanticism appears quite blurred. It is not as though humankind stopped short all of a sudden and agreed to change their thinking. What is evident, however, is that change took place. Today, we are no longer as ideal in questioning what is right for man. This period began as a revolt of sorts against the aristocracy and their accepted norms. People began to concern themselves with emotions and the feelings of things. Psychologists such as Freud and Jung came into play. Not only what is wrong with you, but also why, and how does it feel to have that problem? Peckham questions the validity of an actual movement in that the need and subsequent fight for revolution does not in fact mean an actual change in thought amongst the world’s people. Was there in fact a change in mind away from the scientific and toward the ideal and the emotional (6). In terms of government, America found itself growing out of control. States began to fight over the issue of slavery and valuing one man’s right to property over another man’s right to dignity and the ‘pursuit of happiness’ as it were. Civil War breaks out, the basis set against the colder ideas of the Enlightenment. These ideas one can conceivably see as justifying slavery if numbers add up. Authorship offered a new selection during this era, the novel. Mary Shelley writes about the timeless battle of man versus nature with her creation of â€Å"Frankenstein.† Man’s emotional struggles in life marked the center of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven, Jane Austen’s Emma, and Henry David Thoreau’s Walden. Peckham, writing in the time of Picasso, states: â€Å"Picasso has in his painting expressed profoundly the results of the freedom that romanticism has given to the creative imagination, but he is detested by most people who have seen his cubist or post-cubist painting – as well as by a great many who has not. He is at home in the universe, but not in his society† (21). This simple statement takes us back to a time when the questioning of fundamental things, like shapes and colors, was not appreciated. One forgets Picasso died in 1973 – only 33 years ago. Although these two distinct ages followed each other in general timeframe, there are some obvious similarities. In some ways, the transcendentalists, modernists and post-modernists, have all maintained the basic trend in life, which is to ask questions and present the answers in a way that society will gain from them as well. The questioning being the most serious of crimes against the calm nature of a society, with the actual answer following a close second. The difference lies in the questions asked, the answer given and the format preferred. For each successive generation, the questions drive a little deeper, the context of the situations a little more complicated. The answers are increasing more personal, much to the chagrin today of the older citizens. Art today is far racier and stressing in it nature. Artists have the freedom to push the observer to his or her max. Life seems to be struggling toward a certain height where all questions are ok, all answers accepted. Works Cited Branham, Anne K. â€Å"Teaching the Enlightenment in American Literature: Shedding Light on Faith and Reason.† The English Journal 87.3 (1998): 54-59. GroveArt Online. (18 Oct 2006). Peckham, Morse. â€Å"Toward a Theory of Romanticism.† PMLA 66.1 (1951): 5-23.

Definition and Examples of Doxa in Classical Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Doxa in Classical Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, the Greek term doxa refers to the domain of opinion, belief, or probable knowledge- in contrast to episteme, the domain of certainty or true knowledge. in Martin and Ringhams  Key Terms in Semiotics  (2006), doxa  is defined as public opinion, majority prejudice, middle-class consensus. It is linked to the concept of doxology, to everything that is seemingly self-evident in terms of opinion, or conventional practice and habit. In England, for example, talk of the genius of Shakespeare is part of the doxa, as is a meal of fish and chips or a game of cricket. Etymology:  From the Greek, opinion What is Doxa? [T]he condemnation of rhetoric as trafficking in opinions about justice has dogged the art ever since Plato wrote Gorgias. . . . The Sophists in Gorgias hold that rhetoric creates truth that is useful for the moment out of doxa, or the opinions of the people, through the process of argument and counterargument. Socrates will have no part of this sort of truth which, nevertheless, is essential to a democracy.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2005) Two Meanings in Contemporary Rhetoric In contemporary rhetorical theory, we can distinguish two meanings of the classical term doxa. The first is more faithful to the classical heritage; it therefore stems from an epistemic perspective grounded in the contrast between certainty and probability. The second unfolds along a social and cultural dimension and is concerned with sets of beliefs widely espoused by popular audiences. These two meanings do not necessarily represent a shift from classical to modern theory. Aristotle distinguished doxa as opinion, from episteme as certainty. But in listing various beliefs with a high degree of probability- such as revenge being sweet, or rare objects as more valuable than those that exist in abundance- he also identified specific cultural, social (or what we call ideological) assumptions based on which the premise of an argument can be seen as plausible and be agreed upon by the members of a particular community.(Andreea Deciu Ritivoi, Paul Ricoeur: Tradition and Innovation in Rheto rical Theory. SUNY Press, 2006) Rational Doxa In The Republic, . . . Socrates says, Even the best of opinions are blind (Republic 506c). . . . One can never be the master of ones own doxa. As long as one lives in the domain of doxa, one is enslaved to the prevailing opinions of his social world. In the Theaetetus, this negative meaning of doxa is replaced by a positive one. In its new meaning, the word doxa can no longer be translated as belief or opinion. It is not something passively received from someone else, but rather actively made by the agent. This active notion of doxa is given by Socrates description of it as the souls dialogue with itself, asking itself questions and answering, affirming and denying, and finally making a decision (Theaetetus 190a). And the decision can be rational if the souls conversation is rational.This is the theory of rational doxa, the doxa plus logos . . ..(T. K. Seung, Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order. Rowman Littlefield, 1996)